Dental practice has evolved over time and has adapted to the challenges that it has faced. The risk of infection spread via droplet and airborne routes poses a significant risk to the dentist who works close to patients. The risk of cross-infection between dental health-care personnel and patients can be very high due to the peculiar arrangements of dental settings. Dental clinics should have air purification systems with high volume excavators and negative pressure rooms for COVID-19 screening. Mucormycosis is a fungal disease that mostly occurs in immunocompromised individuals and those with uncontrolled diabetes. Dental extraction can trigger the occurrence. Increased occurrence of mucormycosis is seen in COVID-affected patients. This article gives a review on the dentistry-related transmission of COVID 19, the relation of COVID and mucormycosis.

Objective: The goal of this systematic review was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) remineralizing potential to that of other remineralizing treatments and placebo in both naturally occurring and postorthodontic white spot lesions (WSL) in vivo. Materials and Methods: From 2005 to 2020, the literature search used electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, and Google Scholar to find studies published solely in English and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) employing CPP-ACP as an intervention. All eligible studies were reviewed by two independent reviewers. Results: Excluding duplications, 72 articles were identified. Abstracts of 58 articles were reviewed independently, 19 articles were excluded, 36 full text articles were retrieved; finally selecting 14 studies. Conclusion: The CPP-ACP was found to have efficacious remineralizing potential on naturally occurring and postorthodontic WSL compared to placebo or other preventive measures. Further well-performed RCTs are needed to determine the therapeutic significance of remineralizing medicines, and long-term follow-ups are required.

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the therapeutic effect of remineralizing and antibacterial potential of resin-based nanocomposites compared with conventional composite with/without fluoride release in naturally occurring and post-orthodontic carious lesions. Data Sources: The literature search covered the electronic databases, such as PubMed, EBSCO, and Google scholar, from 2012 to 2021. Only articles published in English were included. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and in-vitro studies were included. All studies which met eligibility criteria were reviewed by two independent reviewers. Study Selection: The processes involved in the selection of studies were presented in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines for study screening. Finally, based on the eligibility criteria, 13 studies were selected. The remineralizing effects of nanocomposites were compared with conventional composites in clinical trials and in-vitro studies. Conclusion: Nanotechnological interventions could be used to improve the therapeutic efficiency in reducing demineralization and growth of the biofilm. Further well-designed clinical trials with long-term follow-up are essential to elucidate the clinical relevance of remineralizing agents.

The 5-year survival rates of oral cancer have not improved significantly since many decades. It is believed that “diagnostic delay” plays a critical role in determining the prognostic outcomes. At present, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to drastic changes within a short period of time and has resulted in many serious consequences at different levels worldwide. Although it is evident that COVID-19 is a major concern when it comes to people's health, it carries with it a message of hope, a desire to survive, and an opportunity to address many unprecedented challenges. This has left the doors wide open to use “telemedicine” as an essential tool to counter the rapid shift in health-care services and to meet the high demands in different health specialties including oral medicine. The aim of this review is to explore the potential roles of telemedicine in early detection of oral cancer and to highlight both the benefits and the limitations of the available applications and technologies. The clinical applications of telemedicine show a great potential in early detection of oral cancer, but the evidence of their effectiveness is still not conclusive. This needs to be investigated, especially in the developing countries where “telemedicine” may prove to be highly valuable in the future.

By creating a precise access cavity (AC) and finishing the pulp chamber, less invasive endodontic therapy attempts to improve conventional endodontic therapy. The cingulum, oblique ridge, and roof of the pulp chamber, which all play a vital role in functional activity, might be preserved to increase fracture resistance. To reduce tooth structure loss, endodontic new ACs have recently been created. The preparation of the conservative access opening had advanced to a new level with the advent of microscopes and improved root canal equipment. The conservation of the cervical dentin is the most essential factor in preserving the restored tooth's normal function and lifespan. In recent years, minimally invasive endodontics has posed a challenge to the traditional method.

Oral cancer (OC), a potentially fatal disease, is a major health concern across the world. It is reported to be the sixth most common cancer in the world with a disappointingly low 5-year survival rate, despite major advances in onco-medicine in the past three decades. The low 5-year-survival rate is associated with late diagnosis of the disease, while OC diagnosed at early stages enjoy a much higher 5-year-survival rate, comparatively. Although the oral cavity is one of the most easily accessible parts of the body for cancer screening, OC is typically diagnosed at later stages. The delay in diagnosis is one of the factors for the poor 5-year survival rate and high mortality and morbidity among patients. Therefore, an early diagnosis is of utmost importance. Visual and tactile examination and scalpel biopsy are still considered the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) and OC. Nevertheless, adjunctive techniques could be employed to increase the ability to distinguish benign abnormalities from dysplastic/malignant changes. These would also aid in identifying areas of dysplasia/early OC that are not visible to the naked eye and tackle the delay in diagnosing OPMD/OC. These adjunctive tools are not a replacement for visual and tactile examination but are supplementary aids. They could be used to screen healthy patients for the presence of any occult cancerous change and evaluate the biological potential of clinically abnormal mucosal lesions, thus enabling early recognition and diagnosis which might increase survival rate and reduce mortality and treatment-associated morbidity.

Dental caries is considered to be the most common pathology of the oral cavity. The pathogenesis of dental carries is believed to be because of imbalance in the microbiological niche creating an ecological pressure. Probiotics are living microorganisms which when dispensed in appropriate amounts can benefit the health of the host. They have posed as a promising replacement to antibiotics that can aid in solving dental issues like dental caries. There are numerous Randomized control trials to validate this fact. There are also various modes through which a probiotic can be delivered against dental caries. Numerous new avenues like effector strains and synbiotics are also explored nowadays. The present review is about the significance of probiotics in the management of dental caries.

Normally root canal-treated teeth are covered with crowns to prevent fracture, which becomes challenging in cases where the tooth is extensively damaged. In such instances, various restorative methods such as post-core and endocrowns have been in use. The former methodology in recent times is being discouraged owing to impending tooth weakening. Due to this reason, an uncommon type of reconstruction, endocrowns are preferred. We carried out a comparative review of restorations for endodontically treated molars.

One of the important ways of social interaction is through verbal and nonverbal communication. The human face is capable of eliciting multi-response according to the situation; amongst them, a smile plays a significant effect in relaying a positive communication that can immensely influence societal outcomes. An important part of dental treatment is to restore the tooth to functionality and to esthetically rehabilitate it, which forms the core of esthetic dentistry. Modern advancements have led us to various esthetic treatment options. Recently, due to the boom of information technology, we are progressing into the digital age where everything has almost been made through computers and the internet. In the dental field, advanced software is being used to modify and create smiles, thereby completely revolutionizing esthetic dentistry. Digital smile design is a recently introduced concept and software which analyzes the smile of an individual through various input scanners and photographs. They provide a plethora of solutions and predictions as to how the smile can be designed, to the point it can pinpoint minor corrections. Here, we discuss the importance of smiles and the analysis using digital smile design.

The practice of evidence-based dentistry has assumed an integral part in today's world. It allows us to achieve self-motivated, problem-based learning, which eventually leads to acquiring clinically sound and relevant information that has a strong backing of evidence on a scientific basis. This would enhance the diagnosis but also the prognoses and treatment that are administered with the highest of ethical standards. Due to the advancement in material studies, dentistry, especially prosthodontics, is getting more intricate and complex due to the dynamic state in the development of new dental materials and equipment. The best evidence is sought through vast empirical literature consisting of controlled trials and reviews. Modern clinical practice should be concurrent with the latest scientific evidence that brings high standards to the treatment options and patient's values. This review highlights the evidence based dentistry on prosthodontics while also addressing the issues it poses in modern day dental practice.

Botulinum toxin and derma fillers have made their way into dentistry in recent years for both cosmetic and medicinal purposes. They are here to stay, and with more and more intraoral applications, they are quickly becoming a standard element of dental treatment. They offer the most important, minimally invasive procedures at a cheap cost and with little to no downtime. Botox and derma fillers are used together for rejuvenation and esthetic operations nowadays. The mechanism of action and numerous uses of Botox and derma fillers in the maxillofacial areas, as well as their future implications in dentistry are discussed in this article.

Orofacial pain is one the commonest chronic oral health disorder. Yet, its complete management is still a researchable matter as it is a disorder which is caused due to various factors. It is very rare is find a single etiology leading to orofacial pain. It often encompasses multiple etiological factors. Hence it is important to understand that not one but multiple healthcare professionals are needed for its successful outcome and thus forming an interprofessional management team becomes important.

Introduction: Modern dentistry aims to restore the comfort and health of the stomatognathic system. Dental implants have emerged as a promising option for this purpose. Concentrated growth factors (CGFs) have been suggested to enhance the healing of bone grafts and enhance the integration of implants into the bone. Growth factors are proteins which regulate the complex process of wound healing. They play an important role in cell migration, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis in the tissue regeneration phase. CGF was first developed by Sacco in 2006. It can be used as a barrier membrane to accelerate soft-tissue healing. CGF does not require any chemical or anticoagulants, and hence, it is free from viral transmission diseases. Crestal bone levels, peri-implant bone density, bleeding, probing depth, mobility, occlusion factors, restoration adequacy, radiographic images, oral hygiene, and patient health status are some of the important parameters for determining longevity of success rates in implant dentistry. This study will assess the peri-implant bone density and crestal bone levels with and without the use of CGF. Aim: To evaluate the effect of CGFs on peri-implant bone density and in the preservation of crestal bone levels around dental implants. Materials and Methods:

• Sampling procedure: Random selection of population (Sealed envelope method)
• Number of groups: Two-Control group (Group 1) and Experimental group (Group 2)
• Sample size: 20

For Group 2, implants were placed with CGF. For Group 1, implants were placed without CGF. The peri-implant bone density and bone levels were measured by Digora and signora software. Results: The mean crestal bone loss on the mesial aspect of implants placed in Group 2 is 0.294 mm and Group 1 is 0.345 mm, and the mean crestal bone loss on the distal aspect of implants placed in Group 2 is 0.320 mm and in Group 1 is 0.331 mm. There are no many significant differences on mesial and distal aspects around implants between the two groups Intragroup comparison of bone density values in Group 1 shows the mean difference from baseline to 1 month is 0.6, and after three and 6 months periods are 1.1 and 1.1, respectively, which indicates not much significant improvement in bone density values in Group 1. Intergroup comparison shows a significant difference between both the groups starting from as early as the 1^st month. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that CGF is significantly better in the regeneration of bone around the implants when comparing with nonCGF groups. Although CGF showed improvement in bone formation, there are no many differences in crestal bone level changes on mesial and distal sides of the implants between the two groups.

Background and Objectives: Conventionally, stainless steel crown (SSC) is the preferred material for the restoration of pulpotomized primary molars. However, in situations where stainless steel cannot be used necessity for other restorative material arises. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the microleakage of several coronal seal materials in pulpotomized primary molars– in vitro. Methodology: Seventy-five primary molars were prepared with proximo-occlusal cavities. Restoration was done with Zinc oxide eugenol cement, SSC, composite resin, resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (GIC), and amalgam. Microleakage was assessed using dye penetration technique with stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Statistical Analysis and Results: The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used to statistically analyze the results. Conclusion: With regard to this present study composite resin and resin-modified GIC offers a good alternative for SSC.

Background: Nursing profession execute an imperative role in health promotion, disease, and injury prevention, providing care and assist in cure of patients with diverse age groups, and backgrounds both in individual and community settings. The study aimed to determine and compare the oral health knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) with oral health status among nursing students in Salem. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on nursing students of Vinayaka Mission's Annapoorna College of Nursing, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. The study included self-administered questionnaire covering demographic details and oral health KAP questions (18-items) followed by oral examination using the World Health Organization survey (2013). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22. Results: Two hundred and sixty-one students were included in the survey (63 males and 198 females). Females reported better mean ± standard deviation (SD) in knowledge (24.08 ± 4.3), attitude (5.43 ± 1.3), and practice (10.82 ± 1.5, P = 0.000) than males. Moreover third-year students had higher mean ± SD scores in knowledge (24.42 ± 4.3) and practice (10.89 ± 1.7) while higher mean ± SD attitude scores (5.61 ± 1.2) was reported among second years. Relationship between attitude-practice indicated a positive significant correlation (r = 0.145, P = 0.05). Conclusions: There are an adequate knowledge, negative attitude, and inadequate practice toward oral health among nursing students. The study introspects the gap between knowledge and actions. As attitude influence on a person's behavior, discriminate knowledge in the right direction to best bring out the outcomes.

Objectives: The rationale of this study was to compare the efficiency of online learning and the differences in outcome between the two universities in India and United Arab Emirates (UAE). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a validated questionnaire among dental students of a dental college in India and a dental college in the UAE. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 22, and comparison was done using the Chi-square test, ANOVA, correlation, and regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 491 students responded to the questionnaire, of which 314 were from India and 177 from UAE. The awareness of online learning among students had increased after COVID-19, and Zoom was the most common platform (30.9%). The satisfaction ratio was 78.4%, and smartphones were commonly used by students. Based on the satisfaction of online learning, study participants from UAE had a higher mean attitude score (2.72 ± 0.98) as compared to Indian students (2.47 ± 0.77) (P < 0.027*). Conclusion: The study results show that online learning was comparable to traditional method of learning. Although poor network connectivity was a deterrent for online learning among students from India and UAE, future teaching methods could inculcate online teaching methods and hence encourage blended learning as part of the teaching curriculum.

Objectives: Complete elimination of the pathogenic microorganisms from the gingival sulcus area is the ultimate goal of any periodontal therapy. Certain factors such as anatomical variation of teeth, deep periodontal pocket, and tissue-invading ability of some bacteria decrease the effectiveness of conventional nonsurgical periodontal therapy, i.e., scaling and root planing (SRP). Hence, antimicrobial agents could be used as an adjunct to SRP, in order to increase the efficacy of it. Although Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the gold standard as an antiplaque agent, it has several drawbacks. Recently, ozone therapy is being tried for the treatment of several diseases in the field of dentistry. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of local application of CHX and ozonated olive oil as adjunctive to SRP for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Thirty individuals who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were selected for this split-mouth randomized controlled trial. The treatment sites from each individual were randomly allocated into two groups. Along with SRP, the local application of CHX and ozonated olive oil was done for the control and test sites, respectively. Pocket probing depth, relative attachment loss, and sulcus bleeding index were measured before and 3 months after the treatment. Intragroup and intergroup differences in the clinical parameters were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann–Whitney U test, respectively. Results: Three months' posttreatment, all the parameters showed significant improvement in both the groups. However, the intergroup comparison failed to be significant statistically. Conclusion: Ozonated olive oil could enhance the outcomes of SRP for the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused extraordinary changes in dental practices, including evidence-based dentistry (EBD). Despite dental practitioners' positive attitudes toward EBD, implementation has been limited. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of EBD among dental professionals in Saudi Arabia and explore the COVID-19 pandemic impacts on perceptions of EBD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire that was distributed electronically to dentists and dental students in Saudi Arabia. Multiple linear regression and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The mean knowledge score was 48.33 ± 13.63 out of 70 points, with 37.31% to 60.45% awareness of EBD components. Only 37% were aware of the Cochrane Collaboration. Specialist/consultants and participants from the central region had significantly better knowledge scores. Lack of time (75.60%) was the most significant barrier to EBD. Only 36.60% of participants used EBD for treatment procedures. Most (72.4%–80.6%) believed the pandemic increased EBD's importance, 67.70% believed that EBD should be mandatory, and 62.90% believed all decisions in dental clinics will follow EBD in the future. However, 53.50% reported that EBD material was difficult to follow during COVID-19. Conclusions: The level of knowledge about EBD among dental professionals in Saudi Arabia is relatively acceptable. It is difficult to put EBD to practice due to the overwhelming flow of information. More educational and organizational efforts should be implemented to advocate for EBD.

Background: Low protein diets have been linked to decreased bone strength in humans.Arginine and lysine can help improve the healing process and stimulate growth factors. Aim: To evaluate if dietary arginine and lysine combination aids in reducing the time frame for osseo-integration process and bone formation in animal models. Materials and Methods: Controls (Group I) and Experimental (Group II) consisted of twelve New Zealand rabbits. Animals in the experimental group were fed a conventional pellet food, water, and the amino acids L-Lysine and L-Arginine (Biovea, USA), whereas those in the control group were offered a standard diet. In both groups of animals, titanium implants measuring 2.5mm* 6mm were implanted in each tibial osteotomy. At the end of two weeks, four weeks, and eight weeks, the animals were euthanized. The tibial bone was removed and preserved in 1% formalin. The samples were analysed histologically for presence or absence of Necrosis , presence or absence of clot formation, Vascularization , Fibroblast , Osteoblasts and Osteoid Bone growth. Results: Histological outcomes on vascularization, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoid bone growth inferred no significant variation between the control and experimental groups after 8 weeks (P>.05). Conclusion: Vascularity, clot organisation, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteoid bone production in the protein fed experimental group animals were better in initial stages of healing when compared to control groups.

Background: Every year, around 2 million people suffer from hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Aerosols are produced while performing ultrasonic scaling. They are potential source of infection and cross contamination. It can result in spread of several infections including hepatitis, HIV, SARS CoV 2, etc. Preprocedural rinse before scaling is considered an effective measure to reduce the microbial load in aerosols. Materials and Methods: This study was a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial performed on 90 participants diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Random allocation of participants into three groups, i.e., Group-1, Group-2, and Group-3, was done, wherein 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), and distilled water (DW) were used, respectively, as preprocedural mouthrinse. The participants of each group were instructed to perform mouthrinse for 60 s before the start of ultrasonic scaling sessions. Blood agar plates were kept at three locations, i.e., operator's chest area, patient's chest area, and assistant's chest area for aerosol collection after scaling. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted for microbiological analysis. Results: Least number of CFUs was found in the CHX group, followed by HP and DW groups. Location wise, the patient's chest area had the highest CFU count and the least was at the assistant's chest area. CFU count between the groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: Preprocedural rinse using HP can effectively be used as a method to reduce dental aerosols generated during ultrasonic scaling.

Purpose of the Study: Heme is the cardinal porphyrin in systemic physiology, apart from hemoglobin it forms structural skeleton of physiological antioxidants such as catalase and peroxidases. Aim: The current study presents evidence that iron chelated pheophytin (Fe-Ph-I) created in resemblance to heme can exert significant heme-mimetic efficacy in mitigating oxidative stress-induced cellular and vascular damage. Materials and Methods: Fe-Ph-I was synthesized by incorporating ferrous ion into the porphyrin core of Ph-I moiety. The candidate drugs (Ph-I and Fe-Ph-I) were characterized by spectroscopic analysis and heme-mimetic attribute of Fe-Ph-I was established by comparing the efficacy of Fe-Ph-I with reference to its unmetallated parent Ph-I as well as un-chelated ferrous ions in a host of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo bioassays paradigms. Results: The study confirmed that Fe-Ph-I, Ph-I, and free ferrous ions all exerts significant in vitro anti-radical efficacy, however, while un-chelated ferrous ions intensifies, Ph-I and Fe-Ph-I mitigate ex vivo oxidative stress with Fe-Ph-I exhibiting superior potency. Also from in vivo assessment of oxidative stress-induced hemolytic anemia, it was observed that Fe-Ph-I is significantly superior than Ph-I in alleviating intravascular hemolysis, thereby endorsing that not ferrous ions alone but ferrous ion chelated with porphyrin yielding a heme-mimetic structure is responsible for superior potency of Fe-Ph-I over Ph-I. Conclusion: In conclusion, Fe-Ph-I is cost-effective and therapeutically safe biological macromolecule of clinical potency against pathologies either mediated by or themselves precipitate oxidative stress-induced cellular or vascular damage.

Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the in vitro cell compatibility and in vivo regenerative potential of 45S5 Bioglass (45S5-BG)-based bone graft implanted in critical-size defects (CSD) created at rat calvaria using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: In vitro cell compatibility of 45S5-BG was assessed using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. For in vivo experiments, CSD of diameter 6 mm was created in the parietal bone and was treated with 45S5-BG bone graft in the test group (Group B), while the control group (Group A) CSD remained empty. Rats were euthanized at the 4^th and 8^th postsurgical weeks, and CBCT analysis was done for samples. The grayscale value in VGi and the selected region of interest (ROI, in mm) of CSD diameter were calculated. Results: In vitro cytotoxicity analysis of 45S5-BG showed that cell viability of more than 70% as compared to the control confirmed cell compatibility. CBCT analysis of CSD confirmed a significant increase in VGi (P < 0.001) and reduction in ROI of CSD (P < 0.001) from the 4^th and 8^th weeks in the test group as compared to the control. Conclusions: In vitro cytotoxicity analysis confirmed cell compatibility of 45S5-BG bone graft and CBCT analysis revealed its bone regenerative potential.

Aim: The aim of this study is to comparatively evaluate the serum and salivary high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Subjects and Methods: The study group consisted of 60 patients of whom 30 were MI patients and 30 were controls. Serum hs-CRP was assessed using particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. Saliva hs-CRP is determined using a microplate reader cum UV photospectrometer from BMG. Results: In this study, levels of both serum and salivary hs-CRP in control and MI patients showed a positive correlation. Saliva can be used as an alternative biofluid to determine hs-CRP in MI patients. Conclusion: Saliva can be used as a alternative biofluid to determine the risk as well as to determine prognosis in acute myocardial infarction.

Background: In maxillofacial trauma, the most commonly encountered are mandibular fractures requiring treatment. Managing these fractures with rigid fixation abolish the intermaxillary fixation (IMF) requirement with reduction and early return to function. Aims: The present trial was carried out to assess clinically the effectiveness of new locking bone plate screw system postsurgically in mandibular fracture cases without IMF. Materials and Methods: In 18 subjects, the fracture site was exposed, fracture segments were reduced and approximated keeping the occlusal relationship is desirable using locking 2 mm mini plates and screws without IMF. The subjects were followed every week for initial 4 weeks followed by evaluation for up to 6 months every month to assess clinical and radiographic healing and the results were formulated. Results: Road traffic accident was the cause in 10 subjects (55.5%), followed by assault in 22.2% (n = 4) subjects, and fall from height in 16.6% (n = 3) subjects. Parasymphysis was involved in 44.4% (n = 8), followed by symphysis in 11.1% (n = 2) subjects. A minor complication of wound dehiscence was seen in 5.5% (n = 1) subjects that were managed conservatively and a major complication of infection was also seen in 1 subject that required removal of the plate at 4 weeks of follow-up. Following plate removal, IMF was done for that subject. All other sites were healed uneventfully. Primary healing in bone was seen in 94.4% (n = 17) subjects and it was not seen in the case with infection. Conclusion: Within the limitations, the present study concluded that the locking miniplate system is highly effective and reliable in treating mandibular fractures with acceptable results and a very low postoperative complications rate.

Aim: The main purpose of this study was to compare the wettability of light and medium body consistencies of three different elastomeric impression materials during their working time. Materials and Methods: Vinylpolysiloxane, polyether, and vinylsiloxanether light body and medium body impression materials were used to fabricate the test samples. The contact angles of the impression materials were determined at 30^th s from the start of mixing until their entire range of working time using a goniometer. The mean contact angles at the early stage of working time and at the end of working time for two consistencies of each impression material were subjected for statistical analysis. Results: The result showed contact angle of all the impression materials toward the end of working time was less than the early stage with the statistical significance (P < 0.05). The contact angle of the light body impression material was less than the medium body impression materials with statistical significance (P < 0.05) except for vinylsiloxanether impression material. Conclusion: We have concluded from this study that vinylsiloxanether impression materials exhibited the least contact angle followed by polyether and the highest was recorded for vinylpolysiloxane impression material.

Objective: The main objective of this study is to analyze the prevalence of age, gender distribution, etiology, anatomic distribution, and treatment of mandibular fractures. Materials and Methods: This 2-year retrospective study was carried out in few multispeciality hospitals in India. The results were collected, and descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Of 180 patients that were analyzed, males and the age group of 20–30 years had a higher prevalence of mandibular fractures with road traffic accidents being the most common etiological factor. Condyle was the most common site affected. Open treatment with rigid and nonrigid fixation was the commonly used method of treatment. Conclusion: Stratification of various epidemiological studies with data obtained over a large study period and sample size must be obtained to understand the plausible factors associated with mandibular fractures for appropriate diagnosis and management of mandibular fractures.

Aim: To quantify and compare the prescribed torque expressed in preadjusted edgewise 0.018-inch and 0.022-inch bracket slot on passive insertion of full-size archwire using finite element method. Materials and Methods: Geometric model of the maxillary arch created with dimensions of the brackets and archwires scanned using microcomputed tomography were converted to finite element model using HYPERMESH V 12.0 software. Material properties were assigned and boundary conditioning was given. 0.017 × 0.025 inch, 0.018 × 0.025 inch, 0.019 × 0.025 inch, 0.021 × 0.025 inch stainless steel wires were inserted and ligated using 0.010 inch stainless steel wire. The amount of torque in each wire was quantified and compared. Results: 0.018 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwire in 0.018-inch slot expressed more torque than 0.017 × 0.025-inch wire; in 0.022-inch slot 0.021 × 0.025-inch wire showed more torque. Torque expression in 0.018-inch slot was more than 0.022-inch slot. Torque expressed was less than the prescribed value in both bracket slots.

Aim: The aim of the study is to compare and evaluate the validity and reliability of tooth widths and Bolton ratios measured from digital models obtained from intraoral scanners and plaster models derived from alginate and polyvinyl siloxane impression materials. Materials and Methods: Alginate and polyvinylsiloxane impression was taken for 40 subjects, orthokal stone was poured and grouped as Group I and Group II, respectively. Intraoral scanning was done using Trios Pod 3shape for the same patients, digital models were obtained and grouped as Group III. OrthoAnalyzer software was used for obtaining measurements in digital models and Aerospace Vernier calipers in plaster models. The validity and reliability of the three groups were quantified and compared. Results: Validity measurements showed significant differences between tooth widths and Bolton ratios obtained from digital models and plaster models indicating higher accuracy for plaster models whereas reliability coefficients were excellent for digital models indicating better reproducibility of values. Conclusion: The study shows significant differences in accuracy on measuring with vernier calipers and Orthoanalyzer software showing plaster models are still better than digital models for measuring tooth widths and bolton ratios.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the mandibular divergent patterns and soft tissue chin (STC) thickness measured at different chin levels in nongrowing patients. Methodology: Pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 400 adult patients were segregated into four groups based on mandibular divergence pattern defined by the mandibular plane to cranial base angle (average 32° ± 5°), Group I with low angle (below 27°), Group II with medium low angle (28°–32°), Group III with medium high angle (33°–36°), and Group IV with high angle (above 37°). STC thickness was measured between Pog-Pog' (pogonion), Gn-Gn' (gnathion), and Me-Me' (menton), thickness and height of the upper and lower lips were also measured. Statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey analysis. Results: A significant difference in the STC thickness at Pog, Gn, and Me was observed among all four groups with hyperdivergent patterns, showing decreased STC thickness than the hypodivergent mandibular pattern. Thickness of the upper and lower lips was greater in hypodivergent mandible, whereas height of the lips was greater in hyperdivergent mandible.

Aim: The aim of this study was to establish the most and least pleasing lip position and to evaluate esthetic preference in profile view among the South Indian population with diverse facial divergence. Materials and Methods: Photographs of 12 participants with an average lip position were taken, and original lip position (Image C) was altered by ± 2 mm and ± 4 mm from the original position of upper and lower lips using Adobe Photoshop 7.0 version. Image A and Image B comprised photographs with retrusive lips of 4 mm and 2 mm, respectively, and Image D and Image E comprised photographs with protrusive lips of 2 mm and 4 mm, respectively. The altered photographs were evaluated for pleasing lip positions by 300 examiners which comprised 102 orthodontists, 107 general dentists, and 91 laypersons. Results: A questionnaire was conducted through Google Forms, and the examiners favored Image C with an average lip position as the most desired lip position, whereas Image E with 4-mm lip protrusion and Image A with 4-mm lip retrusion were the least desired irrespective of gender or facial divergence. Conclusion: Importance to establish appropriate soft-tissue esthetics is the primary concern of an orthodontic treatment.

Introduction: Bone grafts are very significant for the reconstruction of the trauma and the deformations created thereafter. Various bone forming and promoting agents are widely studied. Hence, in this study, we aim to evaluate the osteoinduction effect of scaffold impregnated with Simvastatin in wistor rats in an observational study. Material and Methods: We implanted 18 Wistar rats to be equally divided as controls and test groups. Polycaprolactone coated with 20 mg concentration of Simavastatin under sterile condition was used as test and hydroxy appetite as control. Then, we observed the histopathological Heamatoxilin and Eosin and ABH, sections at 4, 12, and 26 weeks. We noted the calcium deposition and bone formation. Results: We observed a significant variation among groups at 4, 12, and 26 weeks in the calcium deposition. While for the bone formation no significant variation were noted among groups at 4 and 12 weeks, however, there was a significant difference noted at 26 weeks. At the end of 12 weeks, mild fibroblast proliferation was seen in the surrounding area. After 26 weeks, ABH sections showed focal area of fibroblast proliferation with mild mononuclear infiltration was noticed; but implant could not be located. Conclusion: We conclude that Simavastatin showed an anabolic effect on bone healing.

Introduction: With the increased application of the implants for the restoration of the lost teeth, the peri-implantitis cases are seen on a rise. Hence, we conducted a study retrospectively to evaluate, among the peri-implantitis cases, the success of the soft-tissue grafting. Material and Methods: We piloted a retrospective study among 50 subjects of both genders who underwent the soft-tissue grafting for the treatment of the peri-implantitis of a total of 69 implants. The clinical parameters noted were at the baseline and at various years of follow-ups. The data of the clinical parameters were noted, and the data thus noted were compared deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: Thin soft-tissue biotype was noted among all the subjects, with the increased width of the keratinized mucosa. Significant lowering of the probing depth, bleeding on probing, and the mobility of the tissue were noted. Conclusions: We can conclude that soft-tissue grafting Is a benificial method for the peri-implantitis treatment.

Introduction: The analgesia after the C-section is a very challenging condition to the anesthetist. Various combinations of the agents have been proposed for a successful analgesia. Hence, in our study, we aimed to compare the intrathecal bupivacaine 0.5% with intrathecal bupivacaine 0.5% and 60-microgram buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia in elective C-section patients. Materials and Methods: We piloted a prospective study among 40 subjects grouped equally as Group I – bupivacaine 0.5%, and Group II – bupivacaine 0.5% and 60-μg buprenorphine. We compared the clinical parameters for the pain relief by visual analog scale (VAS), the duration of the analgesia, and the side effects for the two groups. The values obtained were compared using the ANOVA test deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: Significant longer duration and faster onset of the analgesia were seen for the Group II than the Group I. The VAS score was higher for the Group I than Group II. Greater side effects were seen in the buprenorphine group. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, beneficial effect of the bupivacaine was identified when added to the routine bupivacaine for the analgesia in the C-section.

Introduction: One of the most common procedures done in orthodontics is the rapid maxillary expansion for the treatment of transverse maxillary deficiency. Hence, in the present study, we aim to evaluate the efficacy of the rapid palatal expansion assisted with the miniscrews. Materials and Methods: We piloted a prospective observational study among 50 age-matched adolescent participants. They were grouped equally to receive miniscrew and tooth-borne expanders. The alterations after 6 months of wearing the expanders were calculated for the root length variations of the premolars, tipping of the tooth, buccal bone thickness, and the transverse skeletal widths using the “cone-beam computed tomography” images. Comparison of the values was done between the groups using the Chi-square and ANOVA test, deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed significantly greater values for the miniscrew expander for all the four parameters than the tooth-borne device. However, there was no significant variation for the root lengths variations between the two groups. No tipping was noted for the miniscrew expander. Conclusions: The miniscrew palatal expander brought faster expansion of the palate than the conventional palatal expanders. The miniscrews were also safe with no adverse effects and were efficus.

Introduction: Expired gutta-percha (GP) can lose its mechanical properties. This study aimed to compare the tensile strength values between expired and nonexpired GP-cones and to assess the outcome of different heat temperatures on this strength. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred-forty ProTaper points were obtained from nonexpired and 2 years expired pack with two different subgroups (sealed or exposed to air and light). All groups were subjected to the following treatments: control, 90°C water bath and cool either at room temperature or 0°C and 70°C water bath and cool either at room temperature or at 0°C. The strength under the tensile load was calculated using the universal testing machine. Results: The collected data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance. Tensile strength for all control groups did not show any difference. Significant increase in the tensile strength in groups heated for 1 min in a water bath at 70°C, the tensile strengths were 8.19 ± 2.72 Mpa and 5.94 ± 1.14 Mpa cooled at 25°C and 0°C, respectively, P ≤ 0.001. Two years expiration did not lower the tensile strength of the GP and exposure to air and light did not show any change. Appropriate storage of GP is a key factor to extend its lifespan. Conclusion: A clinician may consider using expired GP as long as there are no noticeable changes in their structure and properties. A simple chairside technique using hot water may be helpful in restoring the mechanical properties of expired GP.

Introduction: Many advanced techniques and materials have been introduced in the recent years with the advent of the new designing technology. Hence, in our study, we aimed to compare in maxillofacial trauma, the three-dimensional (3D) plating systems. Materials and Methods: We piloted a prospective clinical study among 50 subjects of both genders with mandibular parasymphysis fracture. We compared the 3D miniplates with the two-dimensional (2D) miniplates where the subjects were divided into 2 groups equally. The clinical parameters were compared at different times of follow-up after the surgery. Results: We observed that there was a similar distribution of the genders and the side of the fracture of the parasymphysis. There was a significant difference between the groups for the mouth opening while there was no significant difference for the sensory deficit. The subjects recovered better with the 3D mini-plates. Conclusion: The mandibular fractures can be successfully treated with the 3D miniplates that help in a quick and efficient recovery.

Introduction: At the time when the world was unprepared for the corona pandemic, the health-care workers faced the challenge with great effort. Recently, the OMICRON has been burdening the medical fraternity. Hence, in our study, we aimed to evaluate the “knowledge, attitude, and practices” related to OMICRON among the medical health-care staff. Materials and Methods: We piloted an online cross-sectional questionnaire study using Google Forms among 1000 medical staff working at various levels of public and private sections. The questions were formulated to test for the practices, attitude, and knowledge of the new variant OMICRON. The data collected were compared using the Chi-square test, deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed that majority were male participants, with significant number at the ages of 20–40 years. There was lower knowledge, although good practice and positive attitude were noted among the medical health staff. Conclusion: The medical health-care personnel possessed less knowledge regarding the new variant OMICRON, although positive practices and attitudes were noted. Hence, the governments should take necessary steps to implement the training about the new variant.

Introduction: The early detection of the cancer will dramatically improve the prognosis. There are many diagnostic aids that can be employed for screening. Hence, in our study, we aim to evaluate the efficiency of dyes in detection of cancer cells. Materials and Methods: We piloted a prospective clinical study among 30 subjects to detect the efficiency of two dyes—Lugol's iodine and toluidine blue. They were grouped equally for potentially malignant and malignant lesions. The areas were analyzed for the diagnostic accuracy of the dyes using the histopathological examination and compared using chi square test deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed that both the dyes showed a diagnostic accuracy of over 90% when used alone or in combination. Both the dyes had greater sensitivity while specificity was 20%. Conclusion: The combination of these two dyes can be used as an efficient screening aid for the identification of the cancer cells.

Introduction: The world has been transformed after invention of robotics, digitalization, and artificial intelligence. Their application in the medical field is well recorded; however, their application in dentistry is still being recognized. Hence, in our study, we aimed to analyze the advances in research trends in the digital and the robotics specifically to the dental fields. Material and Methods: We conducted a search for articles that recorded the use of robots, digitalization, and artificial intelligence in dentistry, specifically in endodontics. We piloted a questionnaire study to evaluate the awareness and application of these technologies by the clinicians. The results are presented as various applications of these technologies and the number of the articles for various terminologies. The application of these technologies was compared between the clinicians using ANOVA, with P < 0.05 being significant. Results: We observed a significant difference between the clinicians regarding the application of these technologies and lower awareness was noted. None of the participants used these technologies in practice. Of the total 20 articles that we had finalized, we observed that these technologies helped in studying the various pathologies and structures that were unviewed previously, as well as treatments, prognosis, and outcomes. Conclusions: There is a low awareness of these advanced technologies and application in routine practice. These technologies show greater precision and accuracy. However, the application of these in daily clinical practice and the economy are to be evaluated.

Introduction: The findings of previous studies in the management of acute appendicitis with peritonitis complications are debatable. Thus, in this study, we aim to evaluate two surgical procedures in the management of acute appendicitis. Material and Methods: We piloted an observational prospective study on 50 subjects of both genders with acute appendicitis and peritonitis complication. They were divided equally into two groups who received laparoscopic and conventional open surgery. The data were collected for the various clinical parameters, the complications that followed, and the success rates. The data were analyzed using the t test deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed a similar distribution of genders, and the mean was 41 ± 0.5 years. We observed that among the laparoscopic group, the longer the surgical time, the shorter the stay at the hospital. Lower complications though not significant were noted than the open method. Conclusion: The laparoscopic approach may be suggested for the management of patients with acute appendicitis and with peritonitis. This method showed early patient discharge and fewer post-surgical complications.

Introduction: The diagnostic accuracy for the diseases of the gall bladder is high for the Ultrasound. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the application of the ultrasound as a major diagnostic aid for the gallbladder diseases. Materials and Methods: We piloted observational study among 100 patients with gallbladder diseases. The clinical, ultrasonograhic, and the histopathological parameters were compared to check the validity of the tests using t-test deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed that number of the cases that were positively identified radiographically were 93 out of 82 actual cases and 67 identified by the Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC). There was no significant difference between the clinical, pathological diagnosis and the ultrasonograhic diagnosis indicating a accuracy similar to the clinical and FNAC methods. Conclusion: Ultrasonograhic diagnosis performed similar to the other forms of diagnosis and can be suggested as a convenient and accurate diagnostic test for the diseases of gallbladder.

Introduction: One of the hormones that are crucial in safe pregnancy is the Progesterone. Its defect may cause bleeding and abortion. Hence, in this study, we evaluated two different drug modalities of progesterone for their efficacy. Material and Methods: We piloted a prospective observational study among 100 pregnant women in their first trimester. They were divided to two equal groups to receive oral dydrogesterone and vaginal progesterone. The clinical and the demographic data with detailed history were taken and noted. The patients were followed up till the pervaginal bleeding stopped and till second trimester end. The comparisons were made between the groups using Chi square test deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: The age, BMI, and the progesterone levels were comparable between the groups. No significant difference between the groups was seen for the adverse reactions and for the continuation of pregnancy till 24 weeks. However, there was a significant variation in the cessation of the pervaginal bleeding, with lower time for the oral dydrogesterone. Conclusion: Compared to the vaginal progesterone, oral dydrogesterone performed better in preventing the pervaginal bleeding and prolonging the viability of the pregnancy till the second trimester end.

Introduction: Many new variants of the coronavirus are infecting the already vaccinated people. There have been reports of deaths also among the already vaccinated subjects. Hence, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the infection breakthrough after COVID vaccination. Materials and Methods: We piloted a review of the healthcare workers who completed the vaccination for COVID. The data were collected from the online resources for the breakthrough infections after vaccination. We then enumerated those subjects who had a breakthrough infection post-vaccination. The data collected were meta-analyzed for the incidence of the infection among the vaccinated individuals. Results: We observed that among nearly 2.3 lakh subjects, less than 3% were infected with the various new strains of the virus. The ratio of the breakthrough infection was different for the vaccinated (1.2%) and the partially vaccinated (3.2%) individuals with greater infection among the partially infected individuals. Discussion: The breakthrough infections are very low among vaccinated individuals and even lower among fully vaccinated individuals. Hence, vaccination is highly recommended to prevent the loss of life.

Introduction: In this study, we investigated the success rate of growth factors for existing periapical lesions in failed endodontically treated teeth in an adult population by systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: We conducted an online data search based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analyses (PRISMA), from databases PUBMED, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, for the application of various types of growth factors in endodontically failed teeth with periapical lesions in adults. These included the “platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF),” blood, etc. The data were meta-analyzed using MetaXL 5.3, and GRADE was used to assess the certainty. Results: We observed that success of 0.95 was achieved by the end of a year's follow-up with the application of growth factors for periodontal lesions. We also observed that the teeth responded to thermal tests, indicating regeneration; however, studies were with bias and lower sensitivity. Discussion:\ Similar to regeneration in immature teeth, growth factors also showed greater success in the treatment of periapical lesions in the failed endodontic teeth in adults.

Introduction: The Palmprint, a dermatoglyphic marker, is defi¬ned as the print of a palm, which is mainly composed of the palmar flexion creases and ridges. The palm print patterns and blood groups are unique, stable and remain unchanged throughout the life. Hence, the present study was undertaken to investigate association between Palm print patterns and ABO and Rh blood groups in both the genders of the North Indian population. Material and Method: The sample for the cross- sectional study was consist of palmprints from 300 (Male: female 1:1,150 each) medical students of North India. The palmprints of both the hands of the subjects were recorded by the ink and roller method. Result: The distribution of palmprint patterns of both hands showed a high frequency of Category 5, moderate of category 4, small of category 6 & 3 and none of category 1 &2. The study also show gender discrimination as category 5 was more common in males while Category 4 was more common in females (P-value for Right hand is.012 and for Left hand is <.001). Positive correlation was found between palm print patterns and blood group but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of present study revealed statistically significant sexual dimorphism in the study population. Palm print patterns also showed a positive correlation with ABO blood groups.

Introduction: Almost every cesarean delivery is done under spinal anesthesia because of ease of doing, rapid onset, avoids maternal and fetal risk of general anesthesia, promotes early recovery. Major complication especially in young women undergoing LSCS under spinal anesthesia is post dural puncture headache (PDPH) which is caused by cerebrospinal fluid leakage. There is wide variation in reported incidence of PDPH (0.3% to 40 %) after spinal anesthesia being affected by various procedure and non procedure related risk factors like age, gender, needle size and type, numbers of spinal attempts and previous history of PDPH. Methods: Prospective cohort study was conducted in 335 patients posted for caesarean section under spinal anesthesia from January 2019 to September 2019 in medical College situated in rural India. Spinal anesthesia was given by 26 G Quincke spinal needle. All patients were evaluated for incidence and severity of PDPH from post operative day 1 to day 5. Result: Incidence of PDPH was 11.4% in this study. Majority of patients (62.5%) were having mild pain. All patients reported PDPH with 72 hours. Conclusion: Body mass index (BMI), h/o PDPH, multiple attempts for successful spinal anesthesia did not have any significant association with PDPH in our study.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to emphasize the compressive strength and flexural strength of glass-ionomer cement (GIC)–gold hybrid, conventional GIC, and resin-modified GIC (RMGIC). Methodology: Three GIC materials were used in the study: group A: GC–gold hybrid (Gold Label hybrid Universal Restorative), group B: type II conventional GIC, and group C: RMGIC. A total of 120 cylindrical test specimens of dimensions 4 mm diameter × 6 mm height were prepared from a custom-made Teflon mold according to respective study groups. The specimens prepared were then stored in 20 mL of deionized water at 37°C for 3 h daily for 30 days, and the solutions were changed every week, after which they were tested for compressive strength and flexural strength by using a universal force testing machine. All the results were analyzed by SPSS software and were subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: The mean compressive strength was the highest for group A and lowest for group B. Similarly, the mean flexural strength was the highest for group A and lowest for group B. Conclusion: The conclusions can be drawn from this in-vitro study that the compressive strength and flexural strength of GC–gold hybrid were greater than those of RMGIC and conventional GIC.

Background: The reduction of alveolar bone volume following tooth extraction may interfere with the placement of implants. The present study was conducted to assess dimensional changes in periodontium with immediate replacement of tooth by socket-shield technique. Materials and Methods: Twenty fractured central incisors were enrolled, and periodontal ligament (PDL)-mediated root preservation technique was planned with simultaneous implant placement. Results: Out of 20 patients, males were 11 and females were 9. Preoperatively, buccolingual alveolar bone width was 8.1 mm and postoperatively, 9.0 mm. There was 2.1 mm bone loss preoperatively and 2.2 mm postoperatively. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: PDL-mediated root preservation technique with simultaneous implant placement is effective.

Background: Titanium has always been the material of choice for dental implants. The present study was conducted to assess effect of fluoride on titanium dental implants. Materials and Methods: Forty samples of pure titanium and Ti–6Al–4V were tested in an electrochemical cell. Results: Ecorr/V of titanium implant in artificial saliva was −0.42, and in artificial saliva, +0.25% NaF was −0.63. Ecorr/V of Ti–6Al–4V in artificial saliva was −0.56 and in artificial saliva +0.25% NaF was −0.60. Conclusion: There was significant effect of fluoride on titanium implants in terms of corrosion.

Aim: At different timings, assessment and comparison of the dimensional stability and surface hardness of three interocclusal recording materials (IRM). Materials and Methods: Samples of polyvinyl siloxane, ZOE, and bite registration wax were made using stainless steel die. Each group had 10 samples. At 1, 8, 24, and 48 h, the samples were estimated using a 10× amplification stereo microscope. Results: Four readings were taken for each sample, the mean was considered to scale the dimensional change and surface hardness. At 1, 8, 24, and 48 h mean dimensional change was viewed as the most extreme among group 3 followed by group 2 and afterward group 1 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Polyvinyl siloxane was the steadiest, most precise, and had the most noteworthy surface hardness among the three interocclusal materials.

Background: Bonding is an integral part of orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic bonding could be accomplished without the use of primer, it might be possible to reduce the risk of occupational exposure to primer and will save time. So it is very important to know whether primer is required or not. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of metallic and ceramic brackets bonded with and without primer application and to check for residual adhesive post debonding. Material and Method: A total of 100 extracted human premolar teeth were divided into 2 main groups A and B which were further subdivided into: Group A1 – metallic brackets bonded with primer; Group A2 – ceramic brackets bonded with primer; Group B1 – metallic brackets bonded without primer; group B2 – ceramic brackets bonded without primer. The SBS of these brackets was measured. Result: The SBS of group A2 was significantly higher than the other groups, group A1 was the second highest, group B3 was the third highest and group B4 was the least significant. The adhesive remnant index was lowest on failure of ceramic brackets bonded with primer. Conclusion: SBS of ceramic brackets bonded without primer is superior to SBS of metallic bracket bonded without primer and metallic brackets bonded with primer was superior than metallic bonded without primer.

Objective: This study was done to compare the surface area of the maxillary and mandibular denture bearing area obtained through a manually molded impression in an open mouth selective pressure technique. Methodology: Final impression was made in 60 patients with zinc oxide eugenol impression paste, poured in dental stone to get master cast. Denture bearing area was marked with an indelible pencil. The number of squares were calculated which constituted the denture bearing area. Results: Square arch form provides more surface area than ovoid and tapering which in turn increases the retention and support. Conclusion: The variance and standard deviation of the surface area of square, ovoid, and tapering arch shapes of maxillary dentures were very much significant and in case of Mandibular dentures were less significant.

Objectives: To assess the utility of lycopene, selenium, and vitamin E in the management of leukoplakia. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional observational prospective study, 52 patients of oral leukoplakia were divided into 2 groups. Group I patients were prescribed 6 mg of lycopene, 400 I.U. of vitamin E, and 200 μg of selenium twice a day. Group II patients were prescribed a placebo capsule. The clinical improvement was recorded in both groups. Results: The mean pretreatment size of lesion in group I was 9.24 cm² and in group II was 8.52 cm². Post treatment size was 1.52 cm² in group I and 6.28 cm² in group II. There was a significant reduction in the size of lesion in group I compared to group II (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The treatment with a combination of lycopene, selenium, and vitamin E is useful and effective in managing the cases of oral leukoplakia.

Objectives: To assess papilla level using different techniques in a second stage dental implant surgery. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients who received 45 dental implants were equally divided into 3 groups of 10 each. Group I patients were operated with a scalpel with mid-crestal incision. In group II, dental implants were exposed with a gallium–aluminum–arsenide diode laser. In group III, dental implants were exposed with I shaped incision using a scalpel. Assessment of modified gingival index (mGI), modified plaque index (mPI), and Jemt index were performed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The measurement of FAJI, FAJAdj, ST height, and CP Bone crest was performed. Results: A significant difference in crestal bone level of FAJ- I, FAJ- adj, ST height, and CP Bone crest was recorded at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months among groups I, II, and III (P < 0.05). At 6 months, both groups II and III exhibited >60% of papilla fill as compared to group I. Conclusion: Diode laser offers maximum papillary fill and resulted in less crestal bone loss as compared to mid-crestal and I shaped incision during a second stage surgery.

Objectives: The objective is to compare demineralized freeze-dried bone and modified hydroxyapatite granules in patients requiring immediate dental implants. Materials and Methods: Forty patients for immediate dental implants were divided into Group I (demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft) and Group II (modified hydroxyapatite) based on the type of graft used. Success of graft was evaluated based on modified plaque index, gingival index, and Periotest at 3, 6, and 12 months follow up. Results: The mean modified plaque index, gingival index, peri-implant sulcular depth, and Periotest were recorded at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months at implant site and full mouth in both groups found to be nonsignificant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Both demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft and modified hydroxyapatite grafts were equally efficient in immediate dental implant placement sites.

Introduction: Zygoma is one of the facial bones that are impacted in the accidents. Hence, we aim to evaluate the patient's profiles in the fracture associated with zygomatic bone. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective clinical study with 60 subjects who were divided equally into cases (30) and controls (30); controls were general population and the cases underwent surgery of zygomatic complex fracture. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed by the means of the questionnaire. The values were compared for the significance keeping P < 0.05 as significant. Results: The preoperative 15D score was lesser for cases than controls. Soon after surgery, it was statistically least and after a month, the mean score surpassed the controls. Infraorbital sensory loss was seen even after 6 months. Conclusions: As expected, the HRQoL decreases only to improve after the surgery. However, the infra-orbital nerve sensory loss may continue for over 6 months after the zygomatic complex fracture.

Introduction: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been of interest in the clinical application in dentistry. Hence, we evaluated the LLLT on the wound healing in the mandibular surgical extraction. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective clinical study with 50 male subjects, equally distributed as controls and cases. Routine surgical extraction was done for control group, and in case group, LLLT was applied after the extraction. Evaluation was done for various parameters and after comparison the P value was less than 0.05 which was considered as significant. Results: Significant difference was seen between the groups for the socket depth on 7^th day, swelling on 1^st, 3^rd, and 5^th days, and pain on all the days. Conclusion: LLLT can be successfully used for the surgical extractions.

Introduction: For the complete removal of the intracanal debris and the infectious agents, the intracanal irrigation plays a significant role. Hence, in our study, we assessed the efficiency of diode laser in root canal disinfection. Materials and Methods: We conducted an in vitro study on 45 extracted single noncarious teeth. We equally divided the teeth into controls, Endovac, and diode laser. Later the mean colony-forming units (MCFU) of the Enterococcus faecalis were calculated and compared statistically. Results: We observed that the MCFU in the controls, Endovac, and diode laser was 10⁸/ml, 10⁴/ml, and 0, respectively, after the incubation. Conclusion: We can conclude that diode laser can be successful in irrigation of the root canals.

Introduction: Endodontics has become a routine practice in the recent times and many recent advanced rotary systems are available commercially. Hence, in our study, we describe the canal transportation of the different file systems in various combinations of the “Glide path (Gp)” by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: In vitro study was with 40 single-rooted extracted human teeth that were grouped as “Group 1: Pathfiles (PF) and Group 2: V Gp 2 (V2).” Measurement of Centric ability, canal transportation, root canal curvature of the CBCT images was compared of the pre and the postpreperation of the canals with the two systems. Results: PF showed greater curvatures, working time, canal transportations, compared to the V2. PF showed lesser centric ratio, removed greater dentine compared to the V2 and also the cross-sectional area was also greater for the PF than V2. Conclusion: V2 performed superiorly than PF showing lesser canal transportation.

Introduction: To thoroughly plan and execute any dental treatment, the anatomy of the dental root canals is of prime significance. Hence, in this systemic review, we intend to evaluate the cone beam computed and micro-computed tomographic presentations of the root canal morphologies of the secondary teeth. Materials and Methods: We conducted the search for the data from the online sources such as the “EMBASE,” “Pubmed,” “Scopus,” and other sources. Only human studies were collected. Terms searched were cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), micro-computed tomography, permanent teeth, and root canal morphology. The data extraction and meta-analysis were based on the PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of 170 studies were initially considered for the study. After the application of the inclusion and the exclusion criteria, only ten studies were qualified for the study. In 2 studies, the comparison was done between the conical beam and the microtomograhic views for assessing the root canal anatomies. There were, however, three studies that did not conclude any significant relation between the two imaging systems. When the risk of bias was calculated for the ten studies, there were only low and moderate for the ten included studies. The pooled prevalence among the genders were 21.4% (14.0%–24.6% confidence interval [CI] 95%) and 25.3% (20.0%–30.7% CI 95%), respectively, with high heterogeneity values (= 99.30% and 98.50%, respectively), but no statistical significance (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Both the imaging systems CBCT and the microtomography can be used with accuracy in the evaluation of the anatomic variations of the human root canal. However, a definition is dependent on the voxel size.

Introduction: The invention of dental implants has replaced the fixed partial dentures for the replacement of the teeth. Hence, in the present study, we compared the surface characteristics of various zirconia dental implant systems. Materials and Methods: We conducted an in vitro comparative study of 50 implants of the dental implant systems “Straumann pure ceramic implants (SC) and Bredent dent whiteSKY^™ (BW).” Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare the groups for the surface characters at the different regions of the implant surface. Results: SC showed deep markings on the surface and droplets, and BW showed smoother surface and bigger droplets under the SEM. Conclusion: SC may perform better in the clinical conditions as the surface characters are better than the BW.

Introduction: The most common for the replacement for the teeth are the partial dentures. Hence, in our study, we analyzed the failure rates of the fixed partial dentures (FPDs). Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study from the institutional record and analyzed 150 subjects. The various factors for the FPD's failure were noted and analyzed for any statistical significance. Results: We observed a significant difference between the various factors of the failure caries, periodontitis, uneasiness, and pain. Conclusion: The chief cause for the failure of the FPDs was identified to be caries, periodontitis, uneasiness, and pain.

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment may bring about changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc. Hence, we aim to assess the impact of the orthodontic tooth movement on the articular disc repositioning of TMJ. Materials and Methods: We conducted an observational prospective study among 50 class IIdiv-I subjects. The magnetic resonance images were used to evaluate TMJ during the orthodontic treatments. The phases were T1-start of treatment, T2-thru phase I, T3-at the end of phase I, and T4-at the end of phase II. The qualitative values were compared for the disc changes. Results: No significant changes in the disc position or the regression were seen with open or closed mouth between T1-T3, T3-T4, and T1-T4. Significant variation for the position of the disc was seen in the opened mouth between T3-T4. Significant variation for the form of the disc was seen when closed at T1-T2 and T2-T3. Conclusions: Disc of the TMJ maintained the form and position during the treatments.

Introduction: Dental specialties are seldom recognized in India. Hence, in the present study, we aim to assess awareness among the rural population about the dental specialty of orthodontics. Materials and Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based cross-sectional observational study at the rural center attached to the institute. We divided the participants into two groups as adults and teenagers. A questionnaire with 15 questions to assess the knowledge of the orthodontics was given and the response was noted. Data were analyzed for the statistical significance. Results: We observed no significant difference in general information and awareness about the knowledge for the orthodontics. Conclusion: There is still a deficit of the awareness among rural India about the dental specialty of the orthodontics irrespective of the age and gender. Awareness camps have to be arranged at the school levels.

Introduction: The success of the prosthetic rehabilitation is a factor of the periodontal reactions. Hence, in the current study, we aim to assess bone loss in the osseointegrated implants posttreatment by the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective clinical observational study among 50 subjects who received mandibular dental implants for the replacement of the single lost anterior tooth. The follow-up was done at 1 week, 2 weeks, and after 6 weeks. The bone loss around the implant was noted by imaging with CBCT. The values were compared and analyzed statistically. Results: We observed a significant variation among the genders and the age groups. The mean bone loss around the implants was statistically significant for the different time intervals (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Significant bone loss was noted in the first few weeks after implantation. Care should be focused in the initial posttreatment phase to eliminate the factors aggravating the periodontitis.

Introduction: Various materials are used to improve the longevity of the dental implants. In our study, we assessed the marginal bone loss around dental implants after implantation with platelet-rich plasma. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective clinical study among 200 subjects who were grouped equally as those with and without the application of PRF in the implantation. The radiographic and clinical features for the marginal bone loss were assessed and compared keeping P < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: We observed no significant variation between the groups for the mobility, bleeding on probing, plaque index, and marginal bone loss. Conclusion: We can conclude that the application of PRP concentrate did not significantly affect the marginal bone loss in the dental implantation.

Introduction: With the increased stress among the students, their sleep patterns have been derailed from the routine. Hence, in our study, we aimed to appraise among the dental students the occurrence of sleep disorders. Materials and Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey study among 1115 dental students of 1–4 years. The survey was based on SLEEP-50 that had 50 questions that were given scores from 1 to 4 based on the response. The scores were analyzed for the statistical connotation, keeping P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed that 352 students suffered from sleep disorders. The sex ratio of male:female was 25:75. No significant age variation was seen. For the various disorders, insomnia (25%), nightmares (13%), and sleepwalk (8%), circadian rhythm disorders (34%), obstructive sleep apnea (26%), and narcolepsy (30%) were noted with significant variation. The habit of alcohol was seen in 17% of students. Conclusions: The sleep disorders were prevalent among the dental students due to the great amount of stress caused in the study. They should be educated about the stress management methods and importance of sleep.

Introduction: The students pursuing professional studies such as medicine and dentistry have to endure a lot of stress. Hence, we evaluated the prevalence of stress and coping disorders among dental students. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based online survey study among 100 dental students of 1–4 years. The survey was based on the “modified General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12; Goldberg and Williams, 1988).” The scores were analyzed for the statistical connotation, keeping P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed that over half of the dental pupils felt stressed. The dental students resorted to “Destructive coping mechanisms.” Less than 15% of students sought medical and psychiatric counseling. The mean GHQ was 12 ± 1.7. Conclusions: Psychological strength is a prerequisite for good health and better performance in the studies as well as for the practice. There is an urgent need to focus on the mental health of the students specifically in the medical and dental fields.

Introduction: The human body goes through a roller coaster of hormonal changes during pregnancy. The periodontal pathologies may alter and may bring about different/altered responses to normal stimuli. Hence, in our study, we assessed the relation between the chronic periodontitis and its impact on the intrauterine growth of the fetus. Material and Method: We conducted a retrospective observational study, where the data was collected from the institutional records. We included 200 pregnant subjects and grouped them equally as those with and without periodontal pathologies. We compared the groups for various parameters of the subject and the new born, and measured the significance deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed that among the various clinical parameters, the female subjects were exponentially prone to “vulvo-vaginitis, premature rupture of membranes” and the new born had restricted growth. Conclusion: Oral health affects the general health. The periodontal disease specifically has an adverse impact among pregnant women. Hence care should be given to oral hygiene maintenance.

Introduction: Oral health plays an important role in the overall wellness of an individual. Hence in our study, we aim to evaluate the awareness and knowledge about dental caries and pattern of brushing among secondary school students. Materials and Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey among 200 secondary school students to estimate their awareness and knowledge about dental caries and brushing pattern. Only those students with at least one filled, missing, or decayed tooth were considered. The data was presented as percentages. Results: We observed that knowledge regarding dental caries among students was 72.5%. 75.5% students had good knowledge of brushing teeth; nonetheless 30% brushed their teeth twice. Only 21.5% students visited the dental clinic. Conclusion: Though good knowledge about dental caries and brushing was appreciated among the students, very few students practiced good oral hygiene habits. Promotion of oral hygiene habits should be motivated at the school level.

Introduction: Appropriate wound closure with appropriate suture material is of prime significance in surgery. Hence, we aim to assess the efficiency of ISO amyl 2-cyanoacrylate glue in closure of extraoral surgical wound when compared with other suture materials like polypropylene (prolene), nylon (ethilon) and silk (mersilk). Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective clinical observational study in which 60 subjects were divided into two groups: suture group and cyanoacrylate group. They were compared for wound healing complications on days 1, 3, 7, 12, and at 1 month postoperatively with P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups for the various parameters of the wound healing for the different time periods except that color acceptability and visibility were significantly superior in the cyanoacrylate group. Conclusion: Iso amyl 2-cyanoacrylate can be used successfully in the suture closure with excellent patient satisfaction and can be considered as an alternative to the routine suture materials.

Introduction: The bone pathology-giant cell tumor (GCT) is a locally aggressive and recurrent lesion. A bisphosphonate-zoledronic acid (ZA) has been known to lower the recurrence and resorption in similar bone lesions. Hence, we evaluated the effectivity of the ZA for the GCT of the proximal tibia. Materials and Methods: We piloted a prospective clinical observational study. We included 100 subjects with GCT, who were divided into two equal groups of case (given ZA) and control (no ZA). The histopathological features and the recurrence rates along with other findings were compared with P < 0.05 deliberated as significant. Results: We observed that for in the case group, calcification and fibrosis that were beneficial were observed. Reduced giant cells and lower recurrence rate are seen in the case group. No significant variation in the functional outcome was seen between the groups. Conclusions: ZA was shown to have beneficial effect on the outcome for the treatment of the GCT.

Introduction: Dental caries is a common oral disease that still needs to be thoroughly evaluated for understanding the pathophysiology. Hence, in our study, we evaluate the physicochemical and the peptide properties of the saliva and their role in dental caries among children. Materials and Methods: We conducted an observational in vitro study among 100 subjects of age 5–15 years. Decayed, missing, and filled surface (DMFT)/dmft was used to calculate the caries activity. The unstimulated saliva was evaluated for the peptides “LL-37, human neutrophil peptide (HNP) 1-3, and human beta-defensin-3” by ELIZA and for the “pH, buffer, and flow rate” of the saliva. The data thus obtained were analyzed to correlate caries and the salivary physiochemical and peptides using the “linear regression analysis.” P < 0.05 was deliberated as significant. Results: Although no statistically significant variation was seen between low and high caries risk groups and the salivary parameters in our study, we observed a negative correlation of the salivary peptides and caries. For the salivary peptide “HNP1-3,” there was a statistically significant variation. Conclusion: The salivary peptides may be carioprotective. However, further research has to be done to establish the mechanism of the action of these substances against caries.

Introduction: The surgery of the fracture of the long bones is inherent to certain complications, one being nonunion. As various modalities are proposed, we aim in our study to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes after the treatment with the Limb Reconstruction System (LRS) fixator and Ilizarov for the infected tibia with nonunion considering the bone gap quantifications. Materials and Methods: We conducted an observational prospective study among 40 subjects with tibial nonunion. They were grouped equally to be treated by the LRS fixator and Ilizarov. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were compared using the “Chi-squared and independent Student's t-test,” deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed no significant difference for both the groups in the clinical union and functional and radiographic outcome for the various gaps of the nonunion. There was no significant difference for the groups when the time of healing was compared. Conclusion: Comparable results are seen for both the treatment modalities. However, IL fixator performed better clinically, while the LRS was easily accepted by the patients.

Introduction: The general health of the individual can be calculated using the body mass index (BMI). In our study, we aim to evaluate the association of the BMI to the oral hygiene (OH) and dental caries (DC), in the school pupils. Materials and Methods: We piloted a cross-sectional study with 1000 participants of the ages 5–15 years with mixed dentition. We evaluated the BMI and the Oral Hygeine Index (OHI), DC. We compared the two oral parameters among pupils to the BMI using “ANOVA and Logistic regression analysis” for the identification of the significance and correlation. Results: We observed a significant variation for the different categories of the BMI and the OH, DC. BMI and the OHI, DC both depicted a strong and positive correlation. Conclusions: The nutritional status and the oral health are interrelated. Good oral health has to be promoted for the better general health.

Introduction: The implants have brought a paradigm shift in the replacement of lost teeth. The complete dentures that are implant fixed have increased acceptance among patients. Since these are recently introduced, we aim to evaluate the prosthetic complications and the survival of the implant-fixed complete dental prostheses. Materials and Methods: We piloted a retrospective study among subjects who received “implant-fixed complete dental prostheses (IPs).” We included 100 subjects with different IPs from the department records who complied with the follow-up. Prosthodontic complications and the survival of the IP were noted and presented as percentages. Results: Of the 100 subjects finalized in our study, 78 had metal acrylic (MA) and 22 metal ceramic (MC). The mean survival of the MC and MA was 5.2 and 5.1 years, respectively. The most common minor and major complications were “loss of screw access hole material, chipping of the veneering material, and chipping events.” Parafunctional habits affected the survival of the IP along with the reluctance to wear the night guard. Conclusions: Good survival and only a few prosthetic complications are associated with the IP and showed good patient satisfaction.

Introduction: Establishing an accurate vertical dimension at occlusal (VDO) is a challenge. Hence, we aim to find the association between the VDO and the Thumb Length (TL). Materials and Methods: We piloted an observational study by evaluating the VDO and the TL among the Dravidian and Aryan ethnicities with 200 volunteers. The comparisons were made applying the “linear regression analysis” to find the correlation of both. Results: We observed that a strong and positive relation was established for the two parameters of VDO and TL for both the ethnicities. Conclusion: We can suggest from our study that the thumb length can be used as an aid for the occlusal vertical dimension estimation.

Introduction: The tonsillectomy is a common surgical procedure performed for the treatment of chronic tonsillitis (CT). In the present study, we aim to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) after CT. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study among 100 tonsillectomy patients whose data were collected from the department records. The QOL was evaluated using the “Glasgow Benefit Inventory.” We assessed various parameters pre-and post-surgery. We deliberated P < 0.05 as significant when comparing the pre-and post-surgical QOL. Results: We observed that of the 100 subjected selected for the study, there was a significant improvement in the QOL and the disease severity variables. Conclusions: The tonsillectomy for the treatment of CT among adults has improved the QOL of the patients. Overall patients' health conditions and professional life improved after the procedure.

Introduction: The extensively damaged teeth can be treated with the inlay and onlay. The ceramic inlays and onlays can be prescribed for the esthetic needs of the patient. Hence in our study, we aim to evaluate clinically the outcomes of the ceramic inlays and onlays for the posterior teeth. Materials and Methods: We piloted a retrospective analytical study from the departmental records. We included 70 patients who had a total of 160 ceramic inlays and onlays prepared between the years 2010–2020. The survival and the failure rates were noted and compared using the “Kruskal–Wallis H statistics and the Chi-square tests” deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: The mean survival was 6.1 ± 1.8 years. The success rate was 92.21% and the failure was 7.6%. Significant variation was seen with the survival rate between the vital and nonvital teeth and between the molars and premolars. Conclusions: The ceramic inlays and onlays were performed successfully in the posterior teeth with a high survival rate and very low failure.

Introduction: Rehabilitation after the maxillectomy is challenging to the clinician and the patient. Since the invention of the implants, the rehabilitation has changed the treatment strategies. Hence in our study, we evaluated the maxillary obturator that is implant supported. Materials and Methods: We piloted a retrospective analysis of the patients who received the maxillary obturator prosthesis with implant support from the department records from 2010 to 2020. We finalized 50 subjects who fit the criteria and evaluated clinically for various parameters. The comparison of these parameters was done using the Chi-square tests deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed that the implant survival was 94%. There was significant variation for the implant bone height (P = 0.001) and the implant threads exposed (P = 0.044) for the posterior and the anterior regions. Conclusion: The implant-supported maxillary obturator prosthesis has been shown to perform clinically satisfactorily. The success of the implant-supported maxillary obturator is dependent on the time of the placement, load applied, the radiation regime, and the patient follow-up.

Background: En masse retraction of the anterior teeth may create anchorage problems. The effective means of obtaining anchorage in en masse retraction is by the usage of temporary anchorage devices. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study is focused on stress and strain created around miniscrew during en masse retraction using the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data obtained at two intervals and by the finite element analysis done using the CBCT data obtained. This will show us the stress and strain created around miniscrews and the withstanding capacity of miniscrews. Conclusion: Stress and strain was higher in TADs as compared to cortical and alveolar bone.

Background: Microorganisms in the oral cavity are still considered serious public health problems and position a costly burden on health-care services worldwide and elsewhere. Mouthrinses have been used in the oral cavity for decades with the intention of reducing the amount of microorganisms. Mouthrinses are used as additives to oral mechanical hygiene. Therapeutic mouthwashes are also prescribed as an alternative to mechanical plaque control for plaque accumulation prevention and for gingival and peri-implant health maintenance. Mechanical control alone has been questioned to eliminate recalcitrant biofilms in the oral cavity because it is known to be very time-consuming and, most significantly, inadequate for good oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and antimicrobial efficacy of herbal and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinse against Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: For MIC (macrobroth dilution method), MBC and antimicrobial effectiveness (zone of inhibition) of an herbal mouthrinse and 0.2% CHX mouthrinse were determined by the agar well diffusion method. Results: The zone of inhibition of S. aureus was 24 mm for the CHX mouthrinse. The arowash liquid mouthrinse shows that S. aureus does not produce a zone of inhibition. Conclusion: CHX mouthrinse (0.2%) has a better antimicrobial efficacy against the S. mutans when compared to herbal mouthrinse (arowash liquid)

Background: Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Dentists have a greater role in tobacco cessation and counseling. Dental institution is a platform from where they can inculcate the habit of tobacco counseling. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) aims to reduce motivation to consume tobacco and the physiological and psychomotor withdrawal symptoms through the delivery of nicotine. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess dental students' awareness and perception toward NRT. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 348 dental students studying in different universities in Riyadh Region, KSA. Questions related to awareness of NRT, perception, and motivation to use NRT were asked. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics; Chi-square test was used to compare results according to the year of study. Results: About 74.4% of participants were aware of NRT nearly 50% of students think motivating about NRT is waste of time. About 65.2% of the students think it is difficult to quit smoking. Conclusion: It is necessary to consider programs giving importance about tobacco cessation and NRT among dental students.

Background: Caries is a preventable dental disease; further, it is associated with many risk factors. If risk factors are identified and evaluated in time, prevention can be achieved. Aim: Present study attempts to assess the knowledge of caries risk evaluation among dental students in Riyadh using a cross-sectional observational study design. Materials and Methods: The study comprised 390 dental students, interns, from the Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Questionnaire was developed to assess knowledge about Caries Risk Assessment (CRA). Questionnaire included ten straight statements with options for acceptance or refusal by marking true or false. Results: About 10.3% of the participants accepted dental caries as transmissible disease. About 69.5% of the participants think White spot lesions as carious lesions. 66.9% predict radiographic approximal lesions are disease indicators. Conclusion: Majority of the participants possessed knowledge about caries risk assessment, although prevention-oriented knowledge needs to be improved because knowledge of caries inducing aspects and risk of occurrence among clinicians help to deliver tailored preventive measures and appropriate execution of treatment.

Aim: This study aimed to assess the use of Internet as a source of oral health among adult population in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among adults aged above 18 years through Google Forms. Questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics and questions related to use of Internet, reason for use of Internet, whether they use Internet for searching information related to oral health, which is the media they use more preferably to search oral health information, and does they found the information beneficial or not was asked. Results: Almost 98.2% of the participants uses Internet for one or the other reasons. About 71.3% of the participants use the Internet for searching oral health information. Google is the most common platform for searching oral health information on the Internet. Age and education wise, there was a statistically significant difference in many responses (P < 0.050). Conclusion: Majority of the study population have access to Internet, also search oral health information on the Internet. There is a need for regulations and guidelines so that oral health information available from the Internet can be used as a media to promote oral health.

Aim: To assess the malocclusion and esthetic perception among young adults in Riyadh region. Methodology: A total of 667 subjects aged above 6 years were included in this study. Link containing questionnaires were sent through social media, email, and WhatsApp. Questions were related to the effect of malocclusion on oral health such as dental caries, gum disease, difficulty in tooth brushing, perception of their teeth in the way of alignment, and smile personality. Results: 54.1% of participants said malocclusion can cause dental caries, 63.3% said it will lead to gum disease, and 72% were of the opinion that it will make tooth brushing difficult. 27.9% of study subjects were not happy with the alignment of their teeth. None of the responses were found to be statistically significant according to age (P > 0.05). Most of the questions were statistically significant according to gender (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Majority of study subjects had good knowledge about malocclusion and oral health. Perception about esthetics was more among women than men. More than 90% of subjects thinks beautiful smile is a part of personality.

Background: Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Dentists play a vital role in tobacco abstinence and counseling. Dental institution being a foundation for a clinical practice from where they can practice and implement the habit of tobacco counseling. E-cigarette can be availed over-the-counter and can be used as alternative to conventional tobacco smoking to reduce ill effects of tobacco. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess dental student's knowledge, prevalence, and perception about e-cigarette. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 400 dental students studying in different universities at Riyadh region, KSA. Questions related to prevalence, knowledge, and awareness about e-cigarette were asked. Results: Forty-four percent of participants were found to be smokers, 26% of the participants had used an e-cigarette themselves with 21% currently using the same. Conclusion: This effective therapeutic tool should be known well by the upcoming budding and professional practicing dentists with through knowledge of each dimensions, merits and demerits of the same to develop positivity in inculcating and encouraging in patient tobacco abstinence program.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate levels of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) in plasma and saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The diurnal patterns of sAA and its response to stress were also determined. Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical study was conducted to evaluate the salivary and plasma levels of sAA in three study groups, containing ten subjects each. sAA concentration in plasma and saliva samples was measured using Bioassay Technology Laboratory human alpha-amylase kits, and the levels were compared among control and test groups. Results: In all groups, the mean plasma α-amylase level and mean saliva α-amylase level show an increasing trend with time, i.e., from morning to night, and among the groups, it was highest in Group III followed by Group II and Group I the least (Group III, Group II, and Group I) at all times with significantly higher mean values in Group III subjects at all times of a day. Conclusion: Alpha-amylase is one of the principal salivary proteins and its secretion is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. The measurement of salivary alpha-amylase activity has been proposed to reflect stress-related changes in the autonomic nervous system, and it may be a good choice for monitoring sympathetic nervous system activity in specialized subjects. Hence, it can be concluded that salivary sAA levels can be taken as a predictable as well as reproducible marker for oral SCC or premalignant lesions.

Introduction: Health of individuals and community. Occupation, being a significant determinant of health, plays a vital role in the outcome of health. Mining being an occupation has it's own characteristics and occupational hazards. One such factor, being tobacco consumption has been sparsely reported among thermal power station workers. Aims and Objectives: To assess the prevalence of tobacco consumption among thermal power station workers in south India. Materials and Methods: Simple random sampling was used to collect data from the study in the subjects working in thermal power station. Pretested questionnaire was used to collect demographic and prevalence data pertaining to tobacco consumption. Descriptive statistical analysis was done for the data to express the same in frequencies. Results: Among the 401 study subjects, 121 of them consumed tobacco. Among them 59%(n=72) of them used smoking form of tobacco and about 23%(n=28) of them used smokeless form of tobacco. Vast majority73%(n=52) of the smokers used cigarette and 14%(n=19) used bidi. Conclusion: A significant number of workers in thermal power station were found to use tobacco. Further studies are required to be conducted on a larger scale followed by analytical studies to establish the strength of association between the occupation related variables and tobacco consumption.

Background: The study is done to find out the association between the glycemic status of Type II diabetic patients and the severity of periodontal disease (PD). Materials and Methods: Study groups included a total of 90 Type II diabetic individuals and were divided as Group I with well-controlled diabetics and Group II with poorly controlled diabetics based on glycosylated hemoglobin levels. The periodontal parameters of all patients, namely probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing oral hygiene index-debris index score, were assessed. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The periodontal parameters of all patients with poor glycemic control were significantly higher than well-controlled group. There was a significant difference between all clinical parameters between groups with P < 0.001 indicating severe PD in poor glycemic status group. Conclusion: The severity of PD is related to glycemic status. The poorly controlled diabetic patients had severe periodontitis than well-controlled diabetic patients. Local factors such as dental plaque seem to have a major influence in disease progression.

Context: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pneumonia-like cluster syndrome which originated in Wuhan city of China and is still now on escalation, causing severe outbreaks all over the world. Being a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus which has the low proofreading RNA-dependent RNA polymerase leads to many mutations and that serves as the major cause for the progress of the disease. As per the recent research works done, 99% of COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) are due to pangolin-associated coronavirus which causes the super spreading events of coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 was identified in the nasopharyngeal swabs received in the viral transport medium at optimum temperature. Materials and Methods: The tests were conducted for a time period of 1 year from July 2020 to June 2021. A total of 77,824 samples were tested in the laboratory as per ICMR guidelines using approved RNA extraction kits and polymerase chain reaction kits. Results: In the total of 77,824 samples tested in our laboratory, 14174 positives were identified. In that, about seven positive cases (0.004%) were identified in the month of July 2020 which increased to the maximum in September 2020 to about 865 positive cases (6%) which is the peak of first wave COVID-19 in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. Out of 77,824 samples tested, the actual cumulative laboratory-confirmed positive cases of about 14174 were identified. In that, 7731 (55%) male positive cases were identified, 6171 (43%) female positive cases were identified, and 270 (2%) children who were below 12 years of age also were tested positive. Conclusions: The findings of the study indicated a high predominance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the male gender population when compared to females and children below 12 years of age in Coimbatore district as of June 2021. The surge of cases was high in September 2020 as well as in May 2021, indicating the first and second wave of COVID-19.

Context: The incidence of third molar impaction is very frequent in the dental arch; however, the etiology remains unclear. Assessment of ramal parameters might aid in deducing the chance of the lower third molar being impacted. Aims: To investigate the mandibular ramus features that could contribute to the etiology of mandibular third molar impaction. Settings and Design: A prospective study. Methods and Materials: In total 1,125 patients (568 males and 557 females) who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Six linear and four angular measurements such as ramal height, ramal width, mandibular body length, third molar width, the body of mandible width, retromolar space, angle of the impacted tooth, the angle between condyle and coronoid process, gonial angle, and inclination of the lower posterior teeth were made using digital panoramic radiographs and recorded. Also, the occurrence of impacted lower third molar was noted. Statistical Analysis Used: Comparisons between groups were done using Student's t-test. Pearson correlation was used to assess the degree of relationship between retromolar space and mandibular measurements. Results: Control group showed significantly greater measurements in most of the variables, whereas the impacted group showed no significant difference. A significant correlation of retromolar space is found with body height, third molar width, and angle of impaction. Conclusions: The present study found that the configuration of the mandibular ramus appears to be discrete in many aspects in the erupted other than impacted lower third molars subjects, which might be a possible cause for the impaction.

Aims: To compare the length of styloid process assessed using computed tomography (CT) and panoramic radiographs (PAN). Materials and Methods: PAN were taken for 15 patients requiring CT reporting to PMS Dental College or metro scans, after obtaining informed consent and fulfilling all the inclusion and exclusion criteria. CT images were taken in metro scans. The apparent lengths of styloid process were measured in both CT and PAN using software provided with the respective machines. Ethical committee approval was obtained from PMS Dental College, Trivandrum. Results: The length of left styloid process in CT was observed 20–30 mm in 4 (27%) patients and same in PAN was observed in 5 (33%) patients. Out of 15 patients, abnormal styloid process (length >30 mm) was observed in 11 (73%) patients when measured with CT and 10 (67%) patients in PAN. In CT, the length of the styloid process on the right side was observed between 20 and 30 mm, in 3 (20%) patients. PAN of 2 (13%) patients were found between 20 and 30 mm. On the right side, abnormal styloid process (length >30 mm) was noted in 12 (80%) patients using CT and 13 (87%) patients in PAN. The length of styloid process in the combined sample (both right and left side) was found to be between 20 and 30 mm in 3 (10%) patients and styloid process >30 mm long (in both CT and PAN) was observed in 12 (40%) patients. Conclusions: This study demonstrated positive correlation between CT and panoramic measurements. “P” values were statistically significant on both sides with values of right side (P = 0.01) and left side (P = 0.002), respectively. Hence, PAN, which are routinely taken, cost-effective and involving relatively low radiation dose, may be used as substitute for CT for the purpose of diagnosis of elongated styloid process. However, for precise measurement of the length of styloid process, CT is still the imaging modality of choice.

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus introduction and subsequent COVID-19 pandemic have had a profound impact on normal dentistry, particularly periodontal treatment, around the world. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the infection surveillance, emergency treatment, economic setbacks, and stress endured by periodontists of South India during COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to July 2021 among periodontists in South India. A total of 300 periodontists were chosen through the randomized sampling technique. The data were collected using a self-reported closed-end questionnaire consisting of 38 questions through Google Forms. The information was entered into a database and analyzed using SPSS program version 16.0. Results: A total of 300 people took part in the survey, 277 (92.3%) dentists responded to the survey in its entirety. Periodontists and postgraduates made up 24.18% and 75.9% of those who responded, respectively. For all of the questions asked, there was a statistically significant difference among the responses. The majority of respondents agreed on questions about periodontists' knowledge, practice, mentality, and financial setbacks concerning the COVID-19 epidemic. Conclusion: Most of the periodontists that we surveyed have adequate knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 and have been taking adequate measures in preventing the spread of the disease. This pandemic has a negative impact on the periodontists. This study indicates a high level of depression among a significant number of periodontists. It is important to monitor and address the mental health needs of practitioners during the pandemic. The knowledge, awareness, and attitudes regarding teledentistry were found to be satisfactory among the periodontists.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the anatomic crowns of the maxillary and mandibular dentition concerning the mesiodistal, buccolingual measurements which will be used to establish normative data as a part of comprehensive study being carried out to determine the depth of the cervical abrasion (CA) of the individuals by predicting the CA Index of Treatment Needs (CAITN) score. Materials and Methods: A newly developed instrument termed as CAITN probe was used to measure CA of the tooth more quantitatively. The mesiodistal and buccolingual width of all the 14 maxillary and mandibular teeth from the right second permanent molar to the left second permanent molar of the study sample was measured. The ratio between buccolingual and mesiodistal measurements of each tooth of the maxillary and mandibular arch of the study sample (n=100) was also determined. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 26.0 software. Results: Descriptive statistics were calculated for each group independently. The statistical significance of the difference in mean in mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters between males and females was calculated using the t-test for independent samples with p < 0.05. The ratio was highest in the left second premolar (1.752) and least in the right central incisor (0.980) of the maxillary arch. Similarly, the ratio was highest in the left central incisor (1.723) and least in the left second molar (0.910) of the mandibular arch. Conclusion: The present study was conducted as an initial step in the process of development of the novel tool or index enabling the dentists to organize the health-care needs of their patients by facilitating standardized identification of CA with objective measurements used for epidemiological or community purpose.

Context: Although a common dental problem, there are no simple instruments or reliable methods to measure cervical abrasion. Aim: To study the design, development, calibration, efficacy, and compliance of usage of a novel Cervical Abrasion Index of Treatment Need (CAITN) probe to measure cervical abrasion. Settings and Design: The ex-vivo study was conducted as a part of comprehensive study for the development of standardized CAITN probe and index with a standard methodology for recording the abrasion. Materials and Methods: The compliance and usage of the probe were assessed by a standardized set of questionnaires to the interns followed by an ex-vivo study in 100 subjects. Gold standard comparisons with Vernier caliper, inter-examiner, and intra-examiner reliability were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Data from the questionnaire indicate that 100% of examiners had no difficulty in handling the instrument or measuring and reading the values. Comparison between the CAITN probe and the gold standard was statistically significant indicating a correlation for cervical abrasion measurement between the two methods (p < 0.001). The mean difference between the two measurements using the CAITN probe and gold standard method was calculated with paired t-test and was insignificant (p > 0.05). High statistical significant correlation was also found for intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability measurement of CAITN probe (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The design and structure of the CAITN probe are standardized with a fair gold standard comparison and that the novel probe can be used as an effective tool to measure the depth of cervical abrasion and its treatment needs.

Aims: We aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of moisture-insensitive primer (MIP) Transbond MIP while bonding to wet enamel surface. Materials and Methods: This study was done on 100 freshly extracted human premolar teeth, collected from the Department of Oral Surgery, Government Dental College, Calicut. They were stored in distilled water at room temperature. All teeth were healthy and without caries lesion, no evidence of surface defects, or any developmental morphological aberrations. Teeth were divided into 5 groups of twenty each for the testing and Brackets were bonded onto the tooth surface in 5 different bonding sequences using Transbond XT and Transbond MIP.. Results: All the three groups of MIP have gained statistically significant higher SBS compared to Group I (Transbond XT primer in wet). Marked decrease in SBS of Transbond XT resin in wet environment was deduced. MIP in repriming sequence (Group IV) is found to have higher bond strength than other MIP groups. Conclusions: Clinical acceptability of Transbond MIP in wet environment could be recommended. MIP repriming should be done in cases where there is a doubt of contamination with saliva after initial primer application.

Objective: The objective was to assess dental anxiety and to find its association with oral health status and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among 20–40-year-old patients visiting Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital. Materials and Methods: A single-center, hospital-based cross-sectional study was done among first-time dental visitors in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital over a period of 8 months (July 14–February 18). The sample size was determined to be 700. Participants in the age group of 20–40 years were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using Corah's Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), and clinical examination was done using the WHO oral health assessment form and OHI-S. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and t-test. The associations found through bivariate analysis were entered as predictor variables into linear and binomial logistic regression models with high dental anxiety as the outcome variable. Results: The results of the study suggested that 56% of the study participants were having dental anxiety. Local anesthetic injection (80%) and fear of tooth drilling (60%) were the most anxiety-provoking stimulus. Analysis of OHIP-14 suggested that respondents perceiving oral health as affecting their life quality (very often/fairly often) in the past year were observed for items such as tension, difficulty to relax, irritability, difficulty in doing usual jobs, and totally unable to function because of oral problems. Dental anxiety was significantly associated with gender (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32), education (OR = 1.43), occupation (OR = 2.07), poor oral hygiene status (OR = 3.15), presence of dental caries (OR = 2.67), bleeding on probing (OR = 1.57), presence of periodontal pockets (OR = 2.64), clinical attachment loss (OR = 1.63), and OHRQoL (OR = 1.76). Stepwise linear regression model of independent variables (<0.05 variables included) explained dental caries as highest predictor (39%), followed by debris (22%), calculus (38%), mean OHIS (27%), mean OHIP-14 (29%), deep pocket (14%), and the least predictor was shallow pocket (9%). Conclusion: Dental anxiety was associated with poor oral health status seeking further attention to modify patients' behavior regarding improvement in oral health status.

Introduction: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a profound impact on normal dental education. The purpose of this study is to look at the influence of COVID-19 quarantine on dental graduates' readiness, as well as to look into the usefulness and limits of online education from the perspective of students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1000 dental students of 18 dental colleges in Kerala from July 2021 to September 2021 using a self-reported closed-ended questionnaire and the information was coded, entered, and analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 version. Results: A total of 88% of those who took the survey responded. Until the pandemic is over, a large majority of students (74.7%) prefer online lectures over classroom lectures. Only 46.1% of those who received online education felt confident enough to confront a patient. Conclusion: Data showed that students partially appreciated the online system. According to the statistics, students did not believe that it could completely replace face-to-face clinical practice.

Background: Cervical abrasion is a multifactorial process due to the use of abrasive dentifrices along with improper brushing patterns. An extensive lesion may cause loss of structural integrity of tooth and esthetically unacceptable. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of cervical abrasion with age, gender, and oral hygiene practices among workers in a spinning mill, Kerala. The study also aimed to identify the buccolingual measurements of each abraded tooth using the Community Abrasion Index of Treatment Needs (CAITN) probe. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study where 366 subjects (257 males and 109 females) above 20 years of age were selected using a random sampling technique. Data was collected from the assessment form comprising demographic data and oral hygiene practices of the subjects. Clinical examination for abrasion and buccolingual measurements of abraded tooth recorded using CAITN probe. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 26.0. for calculating descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression. Results: The overall prevalence of abrasion was 37.2% and 97.7% of subjects with abrasion had sensitive teeth and were statistically significant. Age, gender (males) and combined horizontal and vertical method of brushing technique were strongly associated with the cervical lesion (P < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age group, gender, combined horizontal and vertical method of brushing, and presence of sensitive tooth was associated with the abrasion. Conclusion: It is concluded that the severity of the abrasion is an age-related phenomenon associated with combined horizontal and vertical strokes of brushing and is common among the male population. Dentinal hypersensitivity is also more prevalent with cervical abrasion. The novel CAITN probe can be used as an effective tool to assess the cervical abrasion and its treatment needs.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to analyze the canal configuration of mesiobuccal root (MBR) of the maxillary molars in the Saudi subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare if there is any gender and arch variation. Methodology: In this cross-sectional retrospective evaluation study, analysis of CBCT scans of MBRs of 400 maxillary first and second molars was done that has undergone CBCT scanning for diagnostic/treatment purposes in the private clinic of Jeddah, KSA. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and Chi-square test. Results: Type I, II, and III canal configurations have been reported to be the most common morphologies in the MBR in both first and second molars, with the incidence of 20.25% (81), 17.25% (69), and 17.25% (69), respectively. Type I canals were significantly (P < 0.001) more common in tooth #17 and #27, Type II canals were significantly (P < 0.001) more seen in tooth #26, Type 3 canals were more seen in tooth #27, but there is no statistically significant association. Supplemental canal configurations which were classified by Gulabivala as Type I, Type II, and Type IV were also seen. Furthermore, 93 additional unclassified canal configurations were also found. Conclusion: The data indicate high prevalence of MB2 canals with varying canal configurations. Preoperative CBCT imaging should always be done in tooth-like maxillary molars, to understand the complex configurations and variations and to achieve higher success while performing root canal treatment.

Introduction: The emotional well-being of health-care employees is critical to the quality of patient care and the efficient operation of health services. Not only has the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) virus caused significant rates of morbidity and mortality around the world but it has also caused sleep disruption, stress, and pandemic-related anxiety among health-care workers. The current study examines associations among COVID-related fear, stress, and sleep quality in health professionals. Methods: From January to June 2021, a cross-sectional survey was done in Kerala among doctors, nurses, paramedical workers, and housekeeping employees. About 822 health-care providers from various districts took part in the study by completing a Google forms-based semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. The data were coded, entered, and analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Descriptive statistical analysis, percentages, and ratios were employed to summarize the data. Results: The majority of participants were between the ages of 46 and 55 (35%). Forty-four percent and 46% of respondents, respectively, were concerned about contracting COVID-19 and spreading the virus to others. COVID-19 restrictions were the primary concern of psychological distress among respondents (90%). Approximately one-fourth of the subjects reported using sleep medication, 42% took 30 min or longer to fall asleep, and 39% slept for 6 h or less. Poor sleep quality was reported to be prevalent in 62% of the population. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to cause significant levels of fear, stress, and sleep disruption in health-care professionals. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic represented a significant threat to their psychological health, and public health strategies should focus on improving it.

Background: Children residing in orphanages often have accumulated oral health needs as they are unaware of the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene. Due to financial constraints, the provision of oral health care is often neglected. Aims and Objectives: This study attempts to assess the perception of oral health and practices among children residing in orphanages in Bengaluru. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 269 inmates, which assessed their perception and practices concerning oral health. Results: The self-assessment and practices of the study participants varied significantly. The proportion of substance abuse was very low, and the oral hygiene practices of the majority of participants were good. Conclusion: Interventions need to be undertaken to improve and reinforce oral health awareness among the study participants.

Background: There is a lack of information in the few studies reporting on the use of three-dimensional (3D) Printing for Patient Management. However, few studies have been found about recent advances in 3D printing technology, and biomaterials are revolutionizing medicine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of new generation dentist towards 3D printing and its application in various aspects in the field of Prosthodontics. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study on dental practitioners/Prosthodontist throughout Saudi Arabia using a self-administered questionnaire, which had items to assess the knowledge attitude and practices of study participants toward the use of 3D printing in dental management. Results: It was observed 17.5% of our participants had complete information and 10.5% had no information about 3D printers in the field of dental medicine. When assessed, male dentists had complete information about 3D printers (17.5%) than females (0%). 43.9% of our participants “strongly agreed” for 3D printers to be implemented in dentistry, 40.4% had “no idea” regarding the experience of 3D prints. Conclusion: Very few dentists have knowledge of 3D printing application in dentistry. Hence we strongly recommend organizing continuing dental education programmed on 3D printing either with hand on workshops, conferences and regular updates on the use of this technology.

Introduction: Tooth loss is an age-related problem. As age advances, people's ability to maintain their teeth is affected due to their reduced physical capacity and income. After fitting dentures, resuming a healthy diet can help alleviate a variety of discomforts, both psychological and physiological. The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional and psychological status of elderly patients with removable dentures. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted among 502 elderly participants to assess their nutritional status and psychological impact on elderly people who recently underwent denture placement. The data regarding nutritional status and its psychological impact due to tooth loss were collected from participants, and after 3 months of adaptability, postdenture data were collected. The survey was conducted in five parts, including initial demographic analysis, nutritional status, and psychological impact before and after denture wearing. Results:> Most participants noticed a substantial increase in food consumption after wearing dentures to 59.76%. About 39.64% of the participants were reported to be skipping their meals regularly before wearing the denture. There was a significant increase in participants' ability to eat hard food, which accounts to be by 66.53%. There was an improvement in confidence in their smile by 32.87% of the participants after wearing dentures compared with their previous state. Only 34.66% of participants were worried about wearing dentures in public. Conclusion: Removable dentures in senior persons had a substantial impact on nutritional balance. The study also claims that wearing a complete denture improves edentulous people's psychological well-being and quality of life.

Background: Lower back pain (LBP) is well-known as the most common musculoskeletal condition with 80% of lifetime prevalence. The effects of LBP on cultural, social, and public health continue to increase. It brings in billions of dollars of medical costs. This study assessed the prevalence of LBP among car drivers with the wrong driving position in Taif. Methodology: A cross-sectional study using an electronic questionnaire in English translated to Arabic, which included questions about driving with wrong postures, lower back pain, and its correlation. Results: 91.1% of participants satisfied our inclusion criteria for the data analysis. The prevalence of lower back pain in this study was about 44.1% (n = 659). It was more among those aged >40 years (50.9%) compared to other age groups, which showed a statistically significant association (P < 0.001). It was found that 54.4% (n = 813) had been driving in a wrong posture, and there was a strong association observed between this wrong posture and LBP (51.8%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of LBP was high among drivers. This study calls for implanting health education and awareness programs about LBP and its risk factors.

Introduction: In December 2019, the global outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) was announced. The pandemic has cast a spotlight like never before on health-care professionals in general, and nurses in particular. Nurses have been dubbed “warriors” by the general public for their determination to provide frontline care to patients with the disease, despite the risk of exposure and a lack of professional resources. The goal of the study was to assess the obstacles and consequences faced by Kerala nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2021 among Kerala nurses. A total of 1630 nurses were chosen using a randomized sampling technique. The data were gathered using a semi-structured self-reported questionnaire. The information was entered into a database and analyzed using SPSS program version 16.0. Results: After analyzing the data, seven themes emerged: (a) love for the profession; (b) frustration for being labeled as “COVID Nurses”; (c) fear of infection and transmission; (d) personal protective equipment uncertainty; (e) workplace safety especially against hospital violence; (f) burnout in nurses; and (g) job stress. Conclusion: Nurses undertook a hazardous rescue mission and played an essential contribution in COVID-19 pandemic. Over the course of intensive work, they underwent significant psychological changes. Nurses burnout and occupational stress must be addressed with effective interventions. In order to mitigate the pandemic, the administration should also promote a healthy workplace and have a positive attitude and harmonious connection with the frontline personnel.

Introduction: The emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses an immense global health challenge. It also had a profound impact on dentistry with all elective treatment grinding to half initially and a slow phased return to normal services. The aim of the article is to provide an insight into the effect of COVID-19 on endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study among endodontists of various southern states of India was conducted from January 1, 2021 to March 31, 2021, using an online questionnaire. A total of 300 dentists who perform endodontic treatment in daily clinical practice were chosen for the survey. The information was coded, entered, and analyzed utilizing SPSS 20.0 version. Results: A total of 263 questionnaires were answered by the selected group. About 92.01% of endodontists have made changes in infection control including modification in their personal protective equipment and duration of the interval between their appointments. A whopping 74.14% of endodontists faced the economic loss of varying degrees due to the pandemic. In general tremendous changes have been occurred in their daily practice following the pandemic. Conclusion: The pandemic's current and enduring consequences on every part of our lives have been a cause of pain and frustration, but it has also highlighted the human spirit's resilience. Ideally, endodontists must be able to select the best arrangements for safely performing their procedures.

Objective: The objective of the study was to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to examine and compare the genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral lichen planus (OLP). Materials and Methods: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 20 OLP biopsy specimens. Conventional PCR assay employing consensus HPV primers was used to identify HPV DNA. Positive PCR samples were then subjected to PCR assay with HPV type-specific primers. Results: Out of the total 20 OLP specimens evaluated, eight samples (40%) were positive for HPV. Females had a 41.7% higher HPV-positive rate than males. The most common type in the HPV type-specific PCR assay was HPV-18 (75%), which is a high-risk type of HPV linked to malignant diseases. The erosive kind of OLP had the greatest percentage of HPV positives (50%). Conclusion: The present study confirms the detection of HPV in OLP lesions, as determined by PCR-coupled HPV gene sequencing, as well as its likely mechanism of malignant transformation.

Background and Aim: Renal stones are the most common urological disorder resulting in different marked morbidities with different risk factors. This study aimed to assess the perceptions of the general population regarding dietary factors in promoting and preventing nephrolithiasis in the Taif region. Methods: We carried out this cross-sectional study during a period of 4 months. All Taif city population who were ≥18 years old were included in the study regardless of their gender and history of urolithiasis. Participants were excluded if they were <18 years of age, not Taif city residents, and whose primary language was not Arabic. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 23. Results: It was found that 68.4% of the participants had poor knowledge of dietary risk factors. Further, 86.4% of the participants thought that their diet could affect the risk of kidney stone formation, and 88.6% believed that water can decrease the risk of kidney stone formation. In addition, 54.5% and 66.3% knew that increased consumption of meat and smoking can increase the risk of kidney stone formation. Conclusion: The knowledge regarding specific dietary risk factors promoting and preventing kidney stones formation was poor among the Taif city population.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths of zirconia to dentin using two resin-based luting cements and a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC). Materials and Methods: Thirty six zirconia blocks of 2 mm × 3 mm × 5 mm were milled and luted to the exposed dentin surfaces and grouped into three according to the cement used for luting: Group I – luted with Panavia F2.0, Group II – luted with RelyX U200, and Group III – luted with FujiCEM. After thermocycling, specimens were subjected to shear bond testing in an Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Data analysis using Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA and post hoc Mann–Whitney U-test with P < 0.05 was done. Results: Mean bond strengths were of the order Panavia F2.0 (5.99 MPa)>RelyX U200 (4.79MPa)>FujiCEM (1.59 MPa). Maximum failures were at the zirconia-cement interface and were adhesive in nature. Conclusions: It can be concluded with the study that there is a better bonding of zirconia to dentin with resin-based luting cements than a RMGIC. The single-step resin-luting cement RelyX U200 produced comparable bond strength to that of a multistep Panavia F2.0.

Background: Dental implants (DI) are gaining popularity among the general population, and special consideration has been given to the geriatric population in the replacement of missing teeth subject to their medical stability. The study aimed to assess the awareness, knowledge, and acceptance regarding DI among the geriatric population of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was carried out through face-to-face interviews using a pretested and standardized questionnaire by calibrated interviewers. Participants of age >58 years who have not undergone any implant or bone graft procedures attending different prosthodontic clinics in Jeddah were recruited according to availability after obtaining consent. Responses received were converted into digital format and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The knowledge related to DI was not satisfactory, and only 4.5% showed good knowledge. The willingness to replace the current prosthesis with DI was found in 49.6%, and it was also observed that 40% of the participants were using some tooth-supported fixed dental prosthesis. Only 41.3% and 31% were aware of bone graft and sinus lift procedures related to DI. Conclusion: Even though most participants were aware of DI, the knowledge related to it was little satisfactory. Older people should be appropriately explained about the best treatment choice for teeth replacement by connecting to their current systemic health condition with its benefits and long-term effects. Unexpectedly, the awareness related to bone graft and sinus lift procedures related to DI was found to be relatively acceptable as well as the willingness to accept bone graft if needed for DI placement was observed.

Background: Photobiomodulation (PBM), formerly known as low-level laser therapy, has been successfully used for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in postoperative care. It is also known to have a positive effect on healing and regeneration, at an appropriate power and wavelength. Aim: The main objective was to assess the effect of preoperative as well a postoperative irradiation with low power of 100 milliwatts (mW) and 810-nanometer (nm) (near-infrared) and 660-nanometer(nm) (red) wavelengths on healing as well pain at mandibular third molar extraction sockets. Methodology: Twenty-six patients who were scheduled for mandibular third molar extractions were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control group. The experimental group consisted of 13 patients who were subjected to 810-nm irradiation at 100 MW at the site immediately before and after the extraction was completed. In addition, they also received a transcutaneous irradiation of 660-nm wavelength light 1-day postoperatively. The control group received no irradiation immediately after postextraction or the day after. Pain and healing were assessed using the visual analog scale and Turnbull and Howley's Index for soft-tissue healing on the 7^th and the 21^st days. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test. Results: The results showed clinically significant improvements in healing index scores and pain scores of the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: PBM at an appropriate wavelength is a potential tool for the management of pain and accelerating healing at mandibular third molar extraction sites.

Context: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is chronic, scarring disease of the oral cavity. Cytokines and growth factors produced by inflammatory cells play a major role in its pathogenesis. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) application, which has an anti-inflammatory, was used to determine the improvement in mouth opening. Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of laser photobiomodulation (PBM) in OSMF treatment. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients who were diagnosed with OSMF after obtaining consent form and ethical clearance were included. LLLT was applied for 4 cycles for 15 s each in the left and right buccal mucosa. Therapy was done on day 0, 3, 7, and 15 and measurements were done immediately after each LLLT application. Patients were recalled after 1, 3, and 6 months from the commencement of the therapy for follow-up measurements. Results: The mean increase in mouth opening following application of LLLT from day 0 to day 15 was 9.91 ± 3.34, and day 1–6 months was 14.29 ± 6.82, which was statistically significant. Conclusions: The study shows significant improvements in the mouth opening of the OSMF patient during treatment and postoperatively. Thus, our study confirms LLLT can be used as one of the modality in OSMF management.

Background: Oral health is an effective unit of general health. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are considered to be the major diseases present in modern times. Over the decades, the idea of maintaining effective oral health and interest in oral health prevention measures has diminished; thus increasing the cost of health care. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to estimate the household expenditure on oral health care among people residing in Kerala, India. Materials and Methods: Five hundred participants were surveyed who were residents of Kerala. A self-administered questionnaire that was tested and validated was used to assess the cost of oral health care. Data collected were analyzed using software for IBM SPSS version 23 for Windows (New York, USA). Results: Of 500 people, 37% are men and 63% are women. 100% of people reported using a toothbrush as an oral hygiene aid. 65% of households reported changing toothbrush for 3 months or more, while 35% of families changed for 1 month or less. Significant statistically weak correlation was observed when education, employment, and income were compared to the annual expenditure on dental care. Furthermore, there has been a moderately strong correlation observed between the socio-economic status of families and the annual cost of dental care. Conclusion: People should be aware of preventive oral hygiene aids, and appropriate policies should be formulated which will ultimately result in decreased expenditure on a curative aspect of the dental disease.

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of symptoms concerning the temporomandibular joints, masticatory muscles, and occlusion, which include pain, restricted mouth opening and movement, joint tenderness, and intermittent joint noises. Women are more likely to suffer from temporomandibular problems than men. Patients with TMDs show a wide range of behavioral and psychosocial symptoms, including increased stress, anxiety, sadness, and somatization. Materials and methods: The patient group in this case–control research comprised 60 patients from the Department of Prosthodontics at Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara College of Dental Sciences in Dharwad. Female subjects aged between 33 and 45 years, who were educated, had two children, and were housewives were included in the study. Only 96 individuals of those screened met the inclusion criteria, and these 96 patients were given a hair cortisol test. After 1, 2, and 3 months, cortisol testing was performed. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups at the start of the study; but after 30 min of the modified trier test, there was a statistically significant main effect across groups, as well as a significant main effect of salivary cortisol over time. Conclusion: The etiopathogenesis of TMD is complicated by psychosocial stress. When compared to men, women have a higher risk of TMD.

Purpose: Recently, human amniotic membrane (AM) has been reported to have regenerative potential that facilitate repair in the field of oral and periodontal surgeries. Methods: Eighteen subjects with bilateral Miller's class I gingival recession defects were selected. Subjects were allocated randomly to treatment with coronally positioned flap + amnion allograft (test group) and coronally positioned flap alone (control group). The clinical parameters used in this study were width of attached gingiva (AG), clinical attachment level (CAL), pocket depth (PD), width of keratinized gingiva (WKG), length of gingival recession (RL), width of gingival recession (RW). Results: The mean width of attached gingiva at the control sites (A) was found to be 1.33 ± 0.50 mm (range 1.00–2.00), 2.00 ± 0.71 mm (range 2.00–3.00) and 2.22 ± 0.67 mm (range 2.00–3.00) on day 0, 90 and 180, respectively. Thus, it was increased by 0.67 mm and 0.89 mm on day 90 and 180 compared to that of the baseline, which are 50% and 67%, respectively. Conclusions: It can be concluded that combined coronally advanced flap and amniotic membrane have additional advantage in the outcome of periodontal therapy in the management of gingival recession.

Background: In orthodontic tooth development, bone turnover is described by bone testimony at locales of strain and bone resorption at areas of stress. There are metabolic disorders that may lead to tooth movement when the periodontal tissues are under mechanical stress. We needed to discover how the chemical movement of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in gingival crevicular liquid (GCF) vacillated when tensions were coordinated during introductory arrangement (P1) and withdrawal (P2). Materials and Procedures: Fifty persons, ranging in age from 11 to 21 years, were enrolled in the trial, all of whom required first premolar extractions and were enduring fixed orthodontic treatment. Every subject's test and control teeth were the maxillary canine (TT) and mandibular second molar (CT). Two μL of GCF was taken from the mesial side of both TT and CT and tried for the action of ALP and LDH utilizing a spectrophotometer on the 14^th day following the finish of each stage. Results: The findings were analyzed using Student's t-test. Enzyme activity changed when the teeth moved during orthodontic treatment. There was a statistically significant difference in the levels of ALP and LDH activity between P1 and P2 at TT (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001). Neither ALP nor LDH activity differed significantly between P1 and P2, with a statistical significance of 0.054 and 0.061, respectively. Conclusion: According to this research, GCF ALP and LDH activity, as well as periodontal biologic activity during orthodontic tooth movement, can be properly detected.

Background: Evaluating the biomarkers during orthodontic therapy allows us to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment, anticipate the future outcome, and also individualize the treatment according to the response of tissue to different force intensities. The crevicular fluid analysis is a valuable diagnostic method that can be used to examine noninvasive cellular metabolic activity. The goal of this study was to compare the levels of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of clinically healthy adolescents and young adults throughout orthodontic treatment. Methods: GCF was obtained from 20 orthodontic patients ranging in age from 11 to 28 years old. Measurements were done before (T0) and after (T24) the activation of distalization forces (T1). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing was used to look at IL-1 and IL-6. Two-sided t-tests were utilized as statistical testing. Results: The crevicular fluid rate (0.57 L at T0 vs. 0.95 L at T1, P = 0.001) and IL-1 levels (15.67 pg/L at T0 vs. 27.94 pg/L at T1, P = 0.009) both increased significantly between the two time periods. Only a third of the sites tested positive for IL-6. At T1, adolescents have a considerably higher amount of IL than young adults (42.96 pg/L vs. 17.93 pg/L, P = 0.006). Conclusion: Adolescent periodontal tissues are more susceptible to orthodontic forces than young adult periodontal tissues in the early stages of orthodontic treatment.

Aim: To evaluate cephalometric parameters of orthodontic population in an urban setup in Odisha using Steiner's, Tweed's and Rakosi's analysis and compare it with the established Caucasian norms. Methodology: Pre-treatment patient records from a dental hospital were collected. Lateral cephalograms of the normal and supernormal sample were traced. Cephalometric features relating to various facial hard tissue that determine balance and harmony were measured using Steiner's, Tweed's and Rakosi's analysis. The values obtained were compared with the established Caucasian norms. Comparison of mean values were done via independent sample t test and ANOVA. Subsequently post hoc Tukey's was used to establish the significance of the mean difference of all the variables used. Results: Significant differences were obtained for lower incisor to NB, mandibular plane angle, FMA, FMIA, articular angle, basal plane angle, inclination angle, Rakosi Jarabak ratio and interincisal angle. Conclusion: Fundamental variations were seen in various parameters. Perception of lay persons can be of aid to the clinician in assembling commendations for alternative treatment plans.

Background: Computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery (CCLAD) is an approach that uses a constant and slow flow of delivering the anesthetic solution into the tissues, which is capable of alleviating pain and discomfort in children. Aim: Assessment of perceived pain in children during palatal anesthesia using Wand technique and conventional technique. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 children requiring bilateral palatal anesthesia were included in the study in a split-half design. The children were asked to indicate their intensity of pain response on a visual analog scale (VAS) after administration of anesthesia by the Wand technique and the conventional technique. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0. Mann–Whitney U test compared the mean VAS scores between the two groups. Statistical significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05. Results: The mean VAS scores using the Wand technique and the conventional technique were 3.87 ± 1.99 and 4.20 ± 1.44, respectively (P = 0.332). Females had lesser VAS scores compared to males (P = 0.008). Conclusion: Females readily accepted the Wand technique compared to males, although there was no substantial difference between the two injection procedures.

Background: The complete removal of residual filling materials from the root canal determines the success of root canal retreatment. Aim: To evaluate and correlate the efficacy of ProTaper retreatment system, R-Endo retreatment system, and Hedstrom file in the removal of gutta-percha and sealer from root canal during endodontic retreatment in addition to the period desired for the elimination of gutta-percha and sealer. Methodology: Thirty extracted premolars were prepared and filled by cold lateral compaction with gutta-percha and sealer. Retreatment was finished with ProTaper retreatment files, R-Endo files, Hedstrom files with Endosolv E as the solvent for 10 specimens each. Each half of the root was imaged using the image analyzer software Chroma allied to a stereomicroscope with 10× magnification via a charge-coupled device sensor. For statistical analysis, parametric one-way ANOVA test and Scheffe post hoc multiple range test were utilized at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: There is no significant difference among the three groups at P < 0.0001 in removing filling material. However, the rotary files needed significantly less time for removing gutta-percha along with sealer than H-file (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The gutta-percha and sealer were found in the root canal subsequent to all the retreatment techniques, especially in the apical third. Retreatment time was less only for the rotary system.

Background: With the aim of preventing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), teledentistry allows for the follow-up of patients who can be remotely monitored, decreasing patient mobilization and reducing the risk of virus dissemination. The aim of this cross-sectional pilot survey was to assess patients' perception and acceptance of a teledentistry program during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Demographic characteristics of the patients were recorded, and a 24-question survey was completed. A Chi-square test and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were performed with a significance level set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Forty-eight percent patients declared an interest in the use of a teledentistry. Furthermore, 45% participants preferred this type of visit to a conventional dental visit. Conclusion: Our study showed that teledentistry appears to meet the expectations and needs of our patients.

Background: These days, patients want quick results for tooth replacement and esthetic results. However, there is no direct correlation between the achievement of osseointegration and the outcome of successful treatment always. It is vital to sustaining peri-implant soft tissue health for extensive tenure success of the implant. Aim: The purpose of this trial was to determine, estimate, and compare the soft tissue retort and esthetics of the titanium implants with titanium collar at periodic intervals by flapless and conventional flap technique before and after prosthesis placement. Results: The difference in soft tissue indices namely, gingival index, plaque index, and the modified sulcular bleeding index was insignificant between the two implants placed by flapless and open flap technique 2. There was a significant difference amid the probing depths of the two implants after 3 months of prosthesis positioning where the implant placed by flapless technique showed lesser values as compared to the implant placed by the open flap technique 3. The esthetics of the soft tissues surrounding the titanium implant with titanium collar, when compared, presented a significant difference between the two techniques of implant placement. Conclusion: In conclusion, in recent advancements in dentistry, the flapless technique is becoming prominent because of procedure of minimally invasive surgery in implantology. There are advantages of early re-epithelialization and less inflammation around the soft tissue of the implant in the flapless procedure, provided that the prospective for the establishment of a fully functioning along with aesthetically desirable peri-implant soft tissue collar. The flapless technique accomplishes high degrees of gratification by the patients by shortening the surgery time and minimum invasion to both bone and soft tissue.

Introduction: Apt treatment scheming and decision-making are essential when fabricating dental prostheses that satisfy the patients' needs and have acceptable lifetime and function. As a result, not only do the dentist's technical skills and clinical judgment matter, but the patients' attitude toward treatment also matters when it comes to posttreatment contentment. Aim: The goal of this trial is to contemplate the elements that impact patients' decision-making and dental prosthesis choice. Materials and Procedures: A cross-sectional survey was done to examine patients' attitudes toward tooth auxiliary. This survey was organized using a prevalidated questionnaire that included each patient's demographic information, either they accept or deny the dentist's treatment plan, and a closed-ended multiple-choice question describing the reasons. Results: The data were statistically analyzed using the Chi-square test with a significance threshold of P = 0.05. The top five reasons were excessive costs (35%), fear of dental treatment (20%), lack of need (15%), unwillingness to undergo preprosthetic therapy (11%), reliance (6%), and other factors (13%). Conclusion: The majority of patients in the sample population analyzed denied the offered treatment plan and agreed to take the substitute. The most prevalent reason for this rejection is excessive spending.

Background: In the root canal, the tenacity of microbial infection in either or both the periradicular area is the utmost communal source of endodontic failure. The majority of the gutta percha is removed using hand and rotational equipment. Aim of Study: To determine gutta percha removal by effectively utilizing three rotary instrumentation devices all through the endodontic retreatment. Objective of Study: To determine amongst the three Nickle-Titanium systems which one is significantly effective in retreatment along with comparison of retreatment efficiency using or avoiding the utilization of solvent. Materials and Methods: On 60 newly extracted, single-rooted mandibular premolars, every root canal was sealed using gutta percha and AH Plus sealer utilizing lateral compaction. After that, the samplings were separated into three investigational groups, each with 20 specimens. After that, individual groups were separated into ten specimens. After that, the groups were withdrawn with or without solvent. ProTaper retreatment files, Mtwo retreatment files, and R-Endo files were utilized to eradicate the gutta percha after two weeks. The extent of root canal filling material left in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds was recorded utilizing a stereomicroscope and a computer image processing program. The data was statistically examined using analysis of variance. Result: The ProTaper group exhibited a smaller amount of remnant filling material than the supplementary groups in the coronal and middle thirds; however a significant difference amid ProTaper and Mtwo, and Mtwo and R-Endo in the nonsolvent groups (P = 0.05) was concluded. In the nonsolvent group, the Mtwo group showed less leftover filling material. Conclusion: The elimination of root canal filling material was found to be equally effective in all systems. However, not a single experimental group could entirely eradicate gutta percha from the root canal.

Background: The erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG ) laser has been revealed to effectively ablate dental hard tissues, and its utilisation to caries eradication and cavity preparation is envisaged. Nevertheless, only a limited research has been performed on the Er:YAG laser's capacity to treat caries. Aim and Objectives: The efficiency of caries elimination with an Er:YAG laser in vitro was equated to that of traditional mechanical therapy in this study. Methodology: The investigation made use of teeth that had suffered from root caries. The Er:YAG laser was used to treat half of each tooth, while the other half was either removed with a conventional bur or left untouched as a control. Each therapy was evaluated in terms of how long it took to remove cavities, histological examinations of decalcified serial sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses and the density of the dentin. Result: A longer treatment time was required for the Er:YAG laser to completely eradicate carious dentin because of its precise irradiation strategy. However, the Er:YAG laser was effective in removing diseased and softening carious dentin with little heat injury to neighbouring intact dentin, much as the bur treatment. It was also shown that the Er:YAG laser treatment had a lower amount of vibration than other methods. The SEM study of the lased dentin surface revealed characteristic micro-irregularities. Conclusion: The Er:YAG laser system appears to be a potential novel technical option for caries therapy, based on our findings.

Background: Periodontal and peri-implant disorders are etiologically linked to bacterial biofilms. The researchers wanted to see how well the erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser removed bacterial biofilms along with attached epithelial cells (EC), gingival fibroblasts (GF), in addition to osteoblast-like cells (OC) dentin along with titanium surfaces compared to previous therapy methods. Methodology: 3.5 days were spent growing bacterial biofilms on standardized dentin and also titanium samplings using a sand-blasted along with the acid-etched surface. Following that, the specimens were positioned into pockets that had been formed artificially. The following approaches were used to remove biofilm: (1) Er:YAG, (2) photodynamic therapy (PDT), and (3) curette (CUR) along with supplementary PDT (CUR/PDT). The remaining biofilms' colony forming units (CFUs) were determined, as well as the attachment of EC, GF, in addition to OC. Analysis of variance with a posthoc least significant difference was utilized in the statistical analysis. Results: When compared to untreated dentin and titanium surfaces, all therapy strategies reduced total CFUs in statistically significant biofilms (p = 0.001). On the dentin, Er:YAG was as effective as CUR and PDT, but not as effective as CUR/PDT (p = 0.005). The application of Er:YAG on titanium surfaces leads to statistically significantly improved biofilm eradication equated to the supplementary three therapies (all p = 0.001). On untouched infested dentin and titanium surfaces, the counts of attached EC, GF, and OC were the lowermost. Atop the dentin, increased EC counts were detected after CUR/PDT (p = 0.006). On titanium, all cleaning procedures increased the counts of attached EC by a statistically significant amount (p = 0.001), with no variations between groups. After Er:YAG decontamination, there were statistically substantially elevated amounts of GF (p = 0.024) and OC (p = 0.001) than on untreated surfaces. Conclusion: The usage of Er:YAG laser to ablate subgingival biofilms and, specifically, to decontaminate titanium implant surfaces appears to be a promising strategy that needs further research.

Background: Due to the characteristics of dental practices and hospitals, all dental professionals, including orthodontists, are at an elevated peril of SARS-CoV-2 infection. If adequate safety actions are not taken, cross-contamination risk among dentists, orthodontists, and patients can be extremely high. For orthodontic patients, a high level of cognizance and consideration of the COVID-19 epidemic is required. The goal of this study was to assess adult patients' knowledge of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its impact on their continuing fixed orthodontic treatment. Methodology: A cross-sectional in addition to a descriptive survey of 100 adult patients enduring fixed orthodontic treatment was done. All of the candidates were over the age of 18 years and were in lockdown due to the COVID-19 epidemic, with no therapy available. Results: Among the patients, 35% were male and 65% were female; 22.3% were unaware that the COVID-19 virus unfurls speedily in a dental setting; 64.8% were unquestionably keen to disclose their status and undertake pretreatment screening; 71.3% were undeniably prepared to stick to stringent appointment timings for passable sanitization of the clinical area; 70% believed that skipping appointments all through the COVID-19 pandemic would be costly; 70% believed that skipping appointments during the pandemic would prolong the treatment; and 59% thought of financial burden. Conclusion: COVID-19 cross-infection was not known to all adult orthodontic patients. The vast majority were aware of the situation and eager to follow infection-prevention guidelines. COVID-19 had a psychological and financial impact on patients' perceptions of overall orthodontic therapy.

Background: The current investigation was intended to evaluate the precision of impression cytology and tissue histology in the detection of ocular surface neoplasia. Materials and Methods: We examined the histories of patients detected with ocular surface neoplasia at the Department of Ophthalmology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar. All the patients had their impressions cytology and tissue samples taken. The outcomes of both strategies were compared. Results: There were a total of 55 patients (33 males and 22 females) aged 12–99 years (average age, 51 years). Twenty patients had injuries to the right eye and 35 had injuries to the left eye. Conjunctival–corneal intraepithelial neoplasia (38.2%), squamous cell carcinoma (34.5%), squamous epithelium (10.9%), squamous papilloma (7.3%), conjunctival nevi (7.3%), Along with the most common histological research, malignant melanoma (1.8%). Compared with the histological results, impression cytology showed positive and negative assessment accuracies of 97.4% and 52.9%, respectively. In squamous neoplasms, squamous cell carcinoma exhibited a strong link with histology. The occurrence of dysplastic cells raised suspicion of malignancy. Conclusion: Because of its increased accuracy in detecting lesions, along with tissue histology, impression cytology exhibits enormous potential in identifying ocular surface neoplasia. However, impression cytology has an undesirable prognostic accuracy, indicating that it is a useful screening tool but cannot be considered as a “gold standard.”

Aim: The trial's goal was to assess the retentiveness of specially formulated implant cement besides comparing it to dental cements that are widely utilized by means of implant systems. Materials and Procedures: Twenty implant analogs were implanted in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin blocks and bonded to titanium abutments. Fifty uniform copings were waxed and cast unswervingly onto the abutment. (1) Resin-bonded zinc oxide eugenol cement, (2) purposefully designed implant cement, (3) zinc phosphate cement, (4) zinc polycarboxylate cement, and (5) glass ionomer cement were the cements used. Following cementation, each sample was pulled out by utilizing a widespread testing machine, and the stresses necessary to confiscate the crowns were recorded. The ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used to examine the mean values and standard deviations of cement failure loads. Results: Zinc polycarboxylate cement had the peak mean cement failure load, followed by glass ionomer cement. Zinc phosphate cement had the next highest mean cement failure load, followed by resin-bonded zinc oxide eugenol cement. The mean cement failure load for Premier implant cement was the lowest. The difference in mean cement failure loads across the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The findings do not imply that one type of cement is superior to another, but they do present a ranking directive of cements based on their capacity to maintain the prosthesis and facilitate retrievability.

Background: Frequent use of stainless-steel crowns in pediatric dentistry has led to concerns that heavy metals in the crowns could be released into the mouth and potentially trigger allergic reactions. Of these constituents, nickel is known to be a common cause of hypersensitivity reactions. Aim: To evaluate and compare nickel ion release from pediatric stainless-steel crowns of 3M ESPE and DNTO Kids Crown at pH levels of 4.3, 5.5, and 6.3 for days 1, 7, 15, and 30. Methods: In this in-vitro study, nickel ion release (in PPM) from stainless steel crowns of 3M ESPE (n = 60) and DNTO Kids Crown (n = 60) in artificial saliva of pH 4.3, 5.5, and 6.3 on days 1, 7, 15, and 30 was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry at Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way and three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by least significant difference post hoc test and Spearman's rank order correlation. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In both groups (3M ESPE and DNTO Kids Crown), a significantly higher amount of nickel ion release was observed at pH 4.3. Among different time intervals, significantly maximum nickel ion release was observed on day 7. Nickel ion release from DNTO Kids Crowns was significantly higher than 3M ESPE at all the pH levels and time intervals. Conclusions: The pH of artificial saliva and nickel ion release is inversely related. The manufacturing process may affect the biodegradability of stainless-steel crowns. The maximum average nickel ion release from stainless steel crowns is below the recommended dietary intake but sufficient to cause allergic reactions.

Introduction: Tranquility therapies have recently been more popular as a means of reducing anxiety amongst children in the course of painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. As a result, a variety of techniques (oral tranquility, intravenous (IV) tranquility) have been developed to assist practitioners in order to deal with such instances. The goal of this trial was to see how effective propofol could be in calming anxious youngsters during the course of dental therapy. The interventional investigation was undertaken at the Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences and Hospital in Jharkhand. Materials and Methods: To assess the outcomes of intravenous propofol on their performance in the course of therapy, 40 children within the age group of 3–6 years pursuing good physical health but uncooperative in nature (negative or definitely negative, bestowing to Frankel's performance scale) were comprised in the study. The performance rating scale was utilized to assess their performance throughout the therapy (BRS). In addition, the point of tranquility was assessed beforehand. Mann–Whitney U test was utilized to equate male and female points of performance along with gradations of drowsiness. The P value for significance was fixed at 0.05. Results: All participants' performance and point of tranquility in the course of therapy were promising, and therapy was accomplished for everyone. Mann–Whitney U test revealed no statistically significant differences in point of performance, or gradation of drowsiness amid males and females. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a strong positive association of therapy time with awakening time. Conclusion: Intravenous propofol deep tranquility in the presence of an anesthesiologist was found to be beneficial in restraining nervous and recalcitrant youngsters in the course of dental therapy.

Background: Proof of identity acts as a key title role in any criminal investigation. Training of tongue prints has been documented and acknowledged as the gold standard for personal identification worldwide nowadays. Tongue printing has proved as an innovative biometric tool and can be relied upon as an authoritative forensic tool. Research works have been carried out on tongue print independently. However, studies focusing on the morphology or shape of the tongue have not been commenced to a prodigious scope. Aim: The contemporary trial was undertaken upon the people to train and scrutiny the morphological shape of the tongue and validate their magnitude as assistance in sexual dimorphism. Materials and Methods: Hundred dental students in the age group of 18–25 years were included in the trial. For the trial clinical scrutiny, photographs and lingual impressions were recorded of the tongue. Results: In the current trial of the shape of the tongue for gender identification, we used two classifications. According to TCM criteria, five tongue shapes were used for gender identification: rectangle, acute triangle, obtuse triangle, square, and circle. Among the 100 subjects, the square-shaped tongue was chiefly observed, trailed by the circle and obtuse triangle. In the second criteria, Stefanescu et al. classified tongues into two shapes: U- and V-shaped. When the tongue shape was scrutinized, U shape was seen in 79 persons and V shape in 21 persons out of 100 subjects. Conclusion: Hence, the trial concluded that tongue prints exhibited a qualitative result among diverse sex groupings. It can be preached that the human tongue possibilities to distribute a point of exceptionality in morphological shape; besides, it is apt for utilization in gender acknowledgment.

Aims and Objective: The aim of the present study was to ascertain the reliability of using salivary glucose in diagnosing and monitoring the blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetic patients and also to evaluate the salivary glucose in fasting and postprandial states and correlate with the blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c values. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 79 Type 1 diabetic patients and 100 healthy controls. The blood and salivary glucose levels were evaluated in both study and control groups using glucose-oxidase peroxidase method. Results: There was significantly higher level of salivary glucose in diabetics than in controls. There was a positive moderate-to-strong correlation between stimulated and unstimulated salivary glucose to blood glucose in both fasting and postprandial states. The cutoff values for stimulated and unstimulated fasting salivary glucose was 5.8 mg/dl and 5.6 mg/dl, respectively. The cutoff value for stimulated and unstimulated salivary glucose in postprandial state was 10.3 mg/dl and 9.5 mg/dl, respectively. Conclusion: Salivary glucose appears to be a reliable biofluid to assess the blood glucose levels and can be a reliable alternative to blood glucose in Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the sealing ability of Biodentine (BD) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as retrograde filling materials after irrigation with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and QMix irrigating solutions. Materials and Methods: Decoronation of 48 permanent maxillary central incisors was done. Root canal instrumentation was carried out in the samples. The apical root was resected for about 3 mm and retrocavities were prepared. Teeth were allocated into two groups (n = 24). MTA was used in Group 1. BD was used in Group 2. Depending on irrigation, the groups were subdivided A, B, and C subgroups. Group A − 0.9% saline; Group B − 17% EDTA; and Group C − QMix were used. The resected root end was irrigated with 5 ml of all irrigating solutions for 1 min. After final irrigation, cavities were filled with retrofilling materials in each group. Nail enamel was applied to the surfaces of the roots apart from the resected end. Roots were placed in India ink for 72 h. Teeth were sectioned longitudinally and microleakage was determined with a stereomicroscope. Statistical Analysis: Analysis was done using the one-way analysis of variance, Independent t-test, and post hoc test. Results: Statistically significant difference in the degree of microleakage was observed between irrigating solutions and the retrofilling materials. Conclusion: BD exhibits a better sealing ability compared to MTA as a retro filling material following QMix irrigation.

Background: Health-care-associated infection or nosocomial infection is defined as patients getting an infection on admission to the hospital if they were not infected or incubating the infection before admission. Hand hygiene is the most important measure that can avoid the transmission of germs and can prevent health-care-associated infections. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2020 to July 2021 with the objective to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practice of hand hygiene among the inpatients of Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar. A predesigned structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Knowledge and attitude of the participants were assessed using prevalidated 9 point and 6 point scale. Practice of the health-care providers (HCPs) toward health hygiene observed by the patients was also assessed using 6 point scale. Results: Majority of the participants had average knowledge score (56.7%) and average attitude score (62.0%) on hand hygiene, whereas their observation on the practice of hand hygiene among HCPs has given bad score (50.7%). Males have significantly good knowledge (P = 0.0001) and attitude score (P = 0.00097) compared to female. Similarly higher educational level participants had significantly good knowledge (P = 0.0002) and attitude score (P = 0.0053) on hand hygiene. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that there is insufficient hand hygiene awareness among the inpatients in a tertiary care hospital population mainly among the female and less educated participants. Hence, development of community-based hand hygiene promotion programs for the general public are the need of the hour.

Aim: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the radicular dentin defect during retreatment employed diverse NiTi hand and rotary retreatment file systems. Materials and Methods: Eighty mandibular premolars with a single root and root canal that were recently extracted were gathered and stored. The premolars were subject to decoronation at cementoenamel junction (CEJ) beneath irrigation with water to attain a uniform radicular length of 16 mm. Gutta-percha cones were covered with sealer and introduced into the root canal up to the working length. Eighty teeth were allocated at random into four groups with each group consisting of 20 samples. Group I: Control, Group II: EdgeFile XR retreatment rotary files, Group III: ProTaper Universal retreatment files, and Group IV: MTwo retreatment files. Under constant water cooling, the roots were cut flat with a diamond disc at apical third (3 mm), middle third (6 mm), and cervical third (9 mm) points. Stereomicroscope was employed to visualize the sections below × 20 magnification. Results: A statistically significant difference was noted among the groups with respect to the formation of radicular dentinal defects at 3 mm (P < 0.01) and 6 mm (P < 0.001), while the sections at 9 mm did not exhibit any statistically significant difference (P > 0.598). Conclusion: Despite the limitations in this study, it was concluded that all the evaluated file systems efficiently eliminated root canal filling during the retreatment. In addition, it was noted that the EdgeFile XR group exhibited fewer root dentin defects in comparison with the MTwo and ProTaper Universal group of files.

Background: Self-medication is the use of nonprescription drugs to treat a disease by an individual. Amid the looming COVID-19 scenario in our country, wherein universal access to health care is not yet fully established, self-medication can lead to serious effects like antimicrobial resistance and is a matter of public health concern. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the self-medication practices among the nonteaching faculty in a private dental college in Mangaluru, India. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted for a duration of 6 months. All the nonteaching faculty employed in AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences were included in the study employing the total enumeration sampling technique. A total of 57 participants were included in the study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee. The participants not providing consent were excluded from the study. The data were obtained using a validated pretested self-administered questionnaire in Kannada language. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 for descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Around 50.8% of the participants often or regularly self-medicated. Males were found to practice self-medication higher than females, and this difference was found to be statistically significant (χ² = 11.088, P = 0.001). The most common reason cited for self-medication was that it was less costly (37, 64.9%). Doctors at the workplace (35, 61%) were the most common source of information. The most frequent symptoms provoking self-medication were aches in any body parts (32, 56.1%). The drugs most frequently consumed were analgesics (33, 57.9%), and 28 (49.1%) participants disagreed that self-medication was a safe practice. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the prevalence of self-medication was high among the study participants and it is an alarming situation. A holistic approach must be initiated at the grassroots level which would involve health promotion initiatives such as awareness campaigns and regulatory policies to tackle the implications of self-medication.

Aim: The aim of the current study was to assess the clinical success of immediate loading implant in the esthetic zone. Materials and Methods: 20 patients with 20 teeth to get replaced were selected for the study. All patients underwent a pre-surgical preparation followed by draping. Following stringent asepsis, necessary precaution was taken to not to injure the socket wall while removal of tooth. After removal, socket was thoroughly cleaned and curetted with saline and betadine. Using physiodispenser and drills, socket was properly prepared for implant insertion taking care of irrigation with saline to avoid heating of socket while drilling. Implants were then placed with initial stability with hand motion followed by complete insertion with hand ratchet. Black silk sutures were used to close the socket. Patients underwent the first control one week after surgery. They were recalled at the 1^st, 3^rd and 6^th months to evaluate the following parameters to assess the success of immediate implant placement: mobility, soft tissue conditions (gingival index and probing pocket depth (PPD)), and a graded scale ranging from “very satisfied” to “very unsatisfied” were employed to subjectively evaluate patient contentedness. Results: During the 1^st and 3^rd months, 100% mobility was absent. But on the 6^th month, the implant of 3 patients (15%) was mobile. The maximum gingival index score was noted in the 1^st month (1.02 ± 0.01) and reduced more in the 3^rd month (0.74 ± 0.08). The probing depth was more in the 1^st month (3.88 ± 0.10) and it was reduced in the 3^rd month (3.02 ± 0.12). Significant difference was not found between different times of intervals. 14 patients were very satisfied, 5 patients were fairly satisfied, and 1 was fairly unsatisfied. Conclusion: The current study concluded that immediate implant placement in the esthetic zone has a better success rate with good patient acceptance.

Aim: The aim of the current research was to evaluate the effectiveness of three desensitizing agents on the occlusion of dentinal tubules. Materials and Methods: Eighty human maxillary and mandibular permanent premolar teeth that were subjected to extraction in the course of orthodontic treatment were utilized in this study. The teeth were subjected to sectioning by employing a double-sided diamond disk. A block was procured from every even cervical dentinal surface with dimensions of 4 mm × 4 mm × 3 mm (L × B × H) by sectioning the tooth transversely. Further, 35% phosphoric acid was utilized for 30 s to cause dentinal etching, thereby exposing the dentinal tubules. The blocks of dentin were assigned at random to one of the following four groups (n = 20): group I: control, group II: bioactive glass containing desensitizing agent, group III: 1% nano-hydroxyapatite containing desensitizing agent, group IV: tri-calcium phosphate-containing desensitizing agent. The exterior of the specimens was scanned and evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. Results: 1% nano-hydroxyapatite-containing desensitizing agent (2.04 ± 0.08) exhibited higher mean dentinal tubular blockage, followed by the bioactive class-containing desensitizing substance (2.26 ± 0.19), tri-calcium phosphate desensitizing agent (2.84 ± 0.10), and the control group (4.18 ± 0.12) in that order. Amid the experimental groups employing the various desensitizing substances, there were significant differences statistically with P < 0.001. Conclusion: The current research concluded that each of the three desensitizing agents was efficient in dentinal tubular occlusion regardless of their different chemical constitution. However, it was noted that 1% nano-hydroxyapatite-containing desensitizing agent was marginally superior to the bioactive glass- and tri-calcium phosphate-containing desensitizing agents.

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) constitute a group of chemicals with an omnipresence in the environment and our surroundings. With their genotoxicity and carcinogenic nature, it has been proven to be monstrous in our daily life and, especially for pregnant women and their newborn. Aim: This questionnaire study was done to verify the influence of domestic exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons on women's periconceptional stage and risk of oral cleft in offspring in the suburban and the rural population of Mysore. Methodology: Two hundred pregnant women as patients from four different hospitals in Mysore were given a questionnaire to be filled with 24 parameters ranging from the knowledge to various means of exposure to the pregnant women with the PAH and the severity and the extent of the orofacial defect in the newborn. Results: It was determined that exposure of pregnant women to the smoke emanating from the method of cooking or heating to smoking (first or passive) and the direct inhalation of gas had the maximum effects on the association of cleft palate (60.7%) in unilateral followed by 90.9% in bilateral, 65.0% in soft tissue, and 76.2% in hard tissue cleft palate. Conclusion: The deleterious effects of the cooking and water heating measures practiced in the suburban and the rural population predisposed the pregnant women to significantly higher chances of offspring with the varied extent of the orofacial defect. There is an influence of domestic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on women's periconceptional stage and risk of oral cleft in offspring.

Background: Peri-implantitis can be attributed to many underlying causes, one of the chief ones being due to infection caused by oral micro flora and particularly Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Antibiotics are administered along with mechanical debridement to control the infection. The side effect of conventional antibiotic therapy and drug resistance has led to the necessity for alternate approaches to handle infections. Natural products are being investigated because of their multi-target activity and structurally different from the normal antibiotics. Propolis a product by Apis Mellifera bees as a wound healing and bone regenerating effect along with antimicrobial effect. One of the important features of Propolis is the chemical properties of Propolis changes with the different locations of procurement. Antimicrobial activity of Hubballi propolis against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is not been reported in the literature. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the Hubballi Propolis against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Methods: The two solvents used for the study were water and 70% Aq ethanol. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), total phenolic contents (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were tested. Results: Hubballi Propolis sample showed antimicrobial effect against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans with MIC range from 0.1 mg/ml to 0.25 mg/ml. Conclusion: Hubballi Propolis is effective against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection thus may help in treating peri-implantitis. Propolis extracted with water as solvent showed better MIC, higher TPC and TFC than the propolis extracted using alcohol as solvent. This feature is noteworthy as the formulations produced using water extract is favorable than alcohol extract of propolis which irritates the mucosa and hence difficult for its application in dentistry.

Aim: The study aims to compare and evaluate the fracture resistance of endodontically treated bicuspids instrumented with Hand Files, TruNatomy (TRN), ProTaper Next (PTN), ProTaper Gold (PTG), and WaveOne (WO). Materials and Methods: In total, 45 extracted single-rooted human premolar teeth were selected and sectioned at or below the cementoenamel junction to obtain roots 15 mm long. The samples were divided into four experimental groups and one control group (n = 9): instrumentation with nickel–titanium (NiTi) Hand Files (control group), instrumentation with TRN files, instrumentation with PTN files, instrumentation with PTG files, and instrumentation with WO files. The samples were obturated by lateral compaction technique using gutta-percha points and AH Plus sealer. A vertical load was applied to the tooth using the universal testing machine (Tecsol-TSI-BDS-2Kn-Sr No. 170710) for the fracture resistance test. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: The study reported that teeth instrumented with NiTi hand files exhibited the highest fracture resistance when compared to all the rotary and reciprocating file systems. Among rotary and reciprocating instruments, root prepared with TRN files showed the most significant resistance to fracture compared with PTN, PTG, and WO files. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that minimally invasive instrumentation of the system preserves more pericervical dentin, which may increase the resistance to fracture. Results of this study and other studies support the use of minimally tapered instruments to improve the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.

Aim: This study aims to compare the retentive capacity of two attachment systems after manual thermocycling. Settings and Design: In vitro study and Comparative trail. Materials and Methods: An edentulous mandibular Polymethyl Methacrylate model was fabricated to receive the overdentures with the two attachment systems to be compared. Two dental implants were placed in the predetermined right and left mandibular canine regions of the model. A total number of eight overdentures, four per group, were fabricated over the two implants with two attachment systems to be compared; Bar and clip attachment system (Group-1) and Locator attachment system (Group-2). All the overdentures were subjected to 5000 alternating thermal cycles using manual thermocycling. Then the samples were subjected to 100 vertical pulls each in the anterior and posterior regions using a universal testing machine and the mean retentive forces were calculated for each sample in the anterior and posterior regions, respectively. Results: The mean retentive forces after 100 vertical pulls, were calculated and tabulated for each sample in the anterior and posterior regions separately. Then, the cumulative mean of the anterior and the posterior regions were calculated for each group. The cumulative mean retentive forces of both the attachment groups were-Group-1 (Bar and clip attachment system) = 27.87 N ± 4.01 and Group-2 (locator attachment system) = 18.85 N ± 2.50 with a P value of 0.021. This difference was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present in vitro study, the bar and clip attachment system offered better retention than the locator attachment system.

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the perception of patients and dentists regarding the esthetics achieved with conventional and characterized complete dentures. Materials and Methods: Twenty completely edentulous participants were selected and given both conventional and characterized complete dentures. Participants including patients wearing the dentures and dentists subsequently evaluated both types of dentures by giving scores using 0–10 cm Visual Analog Scale on denture esthetics. The esthetic scores were statistically analyzed using paired t-test (P = 0.05 as significant). Results: Patients' satisfaction with conventional and characterized complete dentures were statistically similar except for the fact that patients were more satisfied with ideal arrangement of teeth in conventional denture (standard deviation [SD]-7.0 ± 2,0) compared to the characterized (SD-4.8 ± 2.7) arrangement of the teeth (P = 0.038). Conclusions: Aesthetic satisfaction with complete dentures was influenced by the patients' socioeconomic status. Patients could not see any significant difference between conventional and characterized complete denture.

Introduction: India is one of the largest countries which is inhabited by diverse populations of different tribes, castes, religious, and migrant groups. In forensic investigation, personal identification plays the greatest importance. Lip prints are considered as one such tool for personal identification. Study of lip prints is referred to as cheiloscopy and they are considered as unique in every individual just like fingerprints. Materials and Methods: Three hundred randomly selected specimens were taken in our study comprising of both the genders and of various regions from Odisha, West Bengal (WB) and Bihar was considered in the study. The age selected in our study ranged from 18 to 25 years comprising of 151 males and 149 females. Lip impression was made and viewed for different lip prints pattern under a magnifying glass of 10X. Results: There was a total of six lip print type identified in the present study. The type of lip print pattern found more in males was Type 2 and in females was Type 1. The type of lip print pattern found more in Bihar and WB was Type 2 and Odisha was Type 1. Conclusion: As the lip print is unique for every individual, Cheiloscopy is considered as a useful method of identification in forensic odontology. The study showed statistically significant difference in gender with a variation in geographical location.

Aim and Objectives: Among the 75 listed particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTG), the highest number is found in Odisha. They do not have proper access to oral health-care services and at-risk to various oral conditions and lesions. Hence, the purpose of the study was to assess the oral health quality of life and its association with different factors of the Kutia Kandha tribal population. Materials and Methodology: A cross-sectional study was channeled among 600 Kutia Kandha tribe of Odisha. The oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire was used to check the oral health-related quality of life. Number and percentages were derived using Microsoft Excel and for inferential statistics, a model was developed using multivariable logistic regression using STATA software. P was set at 0.05, which was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Total sample composed of 330 men and 270 women with a mean age of 40.62 ± 16.29 years. Smoking was seen among 19.8% of tribal people had smoking habit and 72.33% (n = 434) of the study group consumed smokeless tobacco. Only a few used fluoridated (3.8%) dentifrice. The mean OHIP score of the tribe was 30.67 ± 4.514 and about 65% of participants reported poor oral health quality of life scores. Conclusion: The oral health quality of life of the tribe is poor and the prevalence of tobacco among the target population because of the unavailability of dental services. Proper health education and motivation can be acknowledged to this group are required to improve their oral health.

Context: Disinfection of the root canal system by biomechanical preparation and profuse irrigation is especially important in primary teeth due to its complex pulp canal anatomy. Appropriate selection of irrigating solution should be done in terms of tissue dissolving capacity, antibacterial efficacy, and palatability when treating pediatric cases. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the antibacterial efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.2% cetrimide (CTR), and 0.2% CHX + 0.2% CTR against anaerobic bacteria and to test the influence of CTR added to CHX on its antibacterial action. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five teeth that were selected for the study were divided into three groups: Group I (2% CHX), Group II (0.2% CTR), and Group III (0. 2% CHX + 0.2% CTR). Samples collected before and after irrigation were immediately processed and microbial growths were quantified. Statistical Analysis: Intergroup comparison was done using one-way analysis of variance and Newman–Keuls multiple post hoc procedures and intragroup comparison was done using paired t-test. Results: When the mean values of Group I were compared with Group II, the data were statistically not significant (P = 0.2341), whereas Group I showed a significant difference when compared with Group III (P = 0.0107). When the mean values of Group II and Group III were compared, the data were found to be statistically not significant (P = 0.0805). Conclusion: The efficacy of 2% CHX was found to be slightly superior when compared with that of 0.2% CTR, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, a significant difference was found between 2% CHX and combination irrigants.

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the sealing ability of a new resin cement which was undergoing trial with other three luting cements. Settings and Design: In vitro study. Subjects and Methods: Forty extracted intact human premolars were selected and standardized class 5 preparations for inlays were done at cementoenamel junction of buccal surfaces and direct composite inlay was fabricated. The samples were randomly grouped into 4: Group I luted with Rely X ARC resin cement, Group II with DCRC-10, a new indigenously developed resin cement, Group III with FujiCEM, and Group IV with zinc phosphate. After 24 h storage, samples were thermocycled and immersed in basic fuchsine dye. The longitudinal sections were assessed under a stereomicroscope for microleakage using graded criteria. Statistical Analysis Used: To analyze leakage scores among four groups and between enamel and dentin/cementum margins, Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test and the Mann-Whitney test at P < 0.05 were used. Results: The dye penetration at cementum/dentin margins showed a statistically significant difference among four groups (P < 0.001). Adhesive luting cements produced lesser leakage scores at both margins than those cemented with zinc phosphate. Conclusions: The indigenously developed resin cement (DCRC-10, Group II) is comparable to that of Group I (RelyX ARC) in terms of its luting efficiency.

Background: The depletion of bond strength after the bleaching procedure has resulted in the usage of several antioxidants to get rid of discharging oxygen from residual peroxides before any adhesive restorations. Aim: The in vitro study aimed to compare and evaluate the shear bond strength of composite after application of three over-the-counter natural antioxidants on bleached enamel. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six extracted human anterior teeth were decoronated at the level of cementoenamel junction and implanted into self-cure acrylic resin exposing the labial surface alone. The embedded specimens were categorized into six groups of six teeth each, and the groups were as follows: Group I: unbleached + composite bonding, Group II: bleaching + delayed composite bonding, Groups III, IV, and V: bleaching + antioxidants – olive oil/Vitamin E oil/propolis + immediate composite bonding, and Group VI: bleaching + immediate composite bonding. The shear bond strength analysis was performed with the help of the universal testing machine, and the values obtained were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS for Windows, v. 21.0. Results: The results obtained from the study reveal that all the three experimental groups showed an increase in the shear bond strength in comparison to Group VI (positive control) and the difference in the bond strength between the experimental groups and positive control is also statistically significant. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, although the bond strength of composite resin after application of the three natural over-the-counter antioxidants falls very closely, the usage of oil-based antioxidants had been found to perform less effectively in improving the shear bond strength.

Context: Several options to restore the missing teeth are currently available; however, minimal information is there regarding the tooth loss consequences and knowledge of the various prosthetic options in the Indian population. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the perception, awareness, and practice about missing teeth, prosthetic options, and knowledge about dental implants among the adult population of Jharkhand state. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was carried out on 400 participants. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, i.e., perception awareness and practice about missing teeth, its consequences, and prosthetic options and the second part was about the knowledge of dental implants. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square test was applied for comparison, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Maximum numbers of people 178 (44.5%) were interested to get their teeth replaced as a definite requirement. Loss of esthetics as a consequence after tooth loss was known to 72.5% followed by tilting of adjacent teeth (47%). Awareness for prosthetic options available after tooth loss was highest (71.5%) for fixed partial denture's (Bridge). Sixty-three percentage of the studied population had not replaced their missing teeth with any dental prosthesis. Knowledge about dental implants was restricted to a meager of 84 (21%) of the participants. Dentist was the main source of information for dental implants, followed by media. Conclusion: Awareness of patients toward missing teeth and its consequences requires more emphasis. Special effort is needed to improve the knowledge of dental implants among the less educated population of this region.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to correlate between axial length of the eyeball and fundus changes and to know its importance. Materials and Methods: It was an observational study conducted for a duration of 1 year in patients with myopia more than 1 D and axial length more than 24 mm. A total of 100 eyes were included in the study and all underwent thorough fundus examination. The findings were documented using retinal maps and fundus camera photography. Data were analyzed for statistical significance using Chi-square or categorical data. Results: The study showed five posterior fundus changes and three peripheral fundus changes to be frequently associated with axial myopia. The five posterior fundus changes were optic disc crescents, Fuchs spot, lacquer cracks, posterior staphyloma, and chorioretinal atrophy. The three peripheral fundus changes were the area of white without pressure, lattice, and retinal breaks. Four of these lesions, i.e., crescents, posterior staphyloma, chorioretinal atrophy, and white without pressure, were found to be very highly significant with increasing axial length. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that there was a statistical significance in fundus changes with relation to axial length.

Context: Glaucoma is a optic neuropathy having multifactorial causes. Both cataract and glaucoma condition can influence management of the one another. Aims: To know the visual outcome and intraocular pressure control after combined trabeculectomy in patients with glaucoma and cataract. Settings and Design: It was a descriptive interventional study done for two years. All patients diagnosed to have significant cataract and diagnosed glaucoma were included in study. Methods and Material: After taking consent, combined surgery was performed and post-op follow up was done on 1st postoperative day and then on 1st week, 2weeks, 4weeks, 6weeks, 8weeks and 6 months. All parameters assessed and tabulated for statistical analysis. Results: Mean age of subjects was 59 years. 46.7% were males. Most of the patients (73.4%) were diagnosed as POAG. 26.7% were having PACG. Pre-operatively, 7 patients had vision better than 6/36. 13 patients had 6/36 and 10 patients had less than 6/36. At 6 weeks postoperatively, 76.7% had vision 6/9 or better, 16.7% had between 6/12 to 6/18, 6.7% less than 6/18. Mean IOP, Preoperatively among POAG and PACG was 19.90 and 33.25mmHg. Among POAG, Postoperatively at 6weeks, 8week, and 6months, IOP was 13.81, 13.91 and 12.72mmHg respectively. Postoperatively at 6weeks, 8week, and 6months, IOP was 19.75, 18.00 and 17.25mmHg in case of PACG. Conclusions: The study has showed the postoperative visual outcome and control of intraocular pressure is better with combined trabeculectomy with cataract surgery but still patients should be individualised according to their presentation.

Background and Objectives: The two most common complications of diabetes mellitus are retinopathy and neuropathy which are dealt by two different medical departments. Early detection and management are therefore necessary to prevent progression of these two diseases and will give a knowledgeable idea regarding the both. Thus, this study was done to know the association of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. Methods: This was a cross sectional study comprised of 200 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus selected from the ophthalmology department and referred cases from other departments. A thorough history and examination was done in both departments, that is, complete ophthalmic and neurological examination respectively. Relevant investigations, if needed, were done and diabetic retinopathy was classified according to ETDRS classification. Results: Of the 200 patients having type 2 diabetes for more than 5 years, 28% of cases had diabetic retinopathy and 59% of cases had peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy was twice more common than retinopathy. 33.1% had retinopathy and 65.46% had peripheral neuropathy among the uncontrolled diabetics. The prevalence of retinopathy increased 1.3 times in patients with neuropathy (16%) than in patients without peripheral neuropathy (12%). Conclusion: As there was higher incidence of peripheral neuropathy, it is important as ophthalmologists to look for peripheral neuropathy in diabetics which will help in reducing diabetes-related morbidities.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of sweet taste perception on dietary habits among students. Furthermore, the relationship between dietary habits and caries was studied. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 college-going students aged 18–23 years from the Asan Memorial Institutions. The frequency of consumption of certain food items was analyzed from a Beverage and Snack Questionnaire, and the dietary record was obtained for 3 days. The sweet taste perception level was determined as sweet taste threshold and sweet taste preference. According to the sweet taste perception level, children were grouped into low, medium, and high. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth index was used for recording the incidence of caries. Results: High sweet threshold and preference groups showed an increased incidence of dental caries compared to the low and medium threshold and preference groups. Conclusion: Sweet taste perception level influenced the dietary habits and intake of sweets. The relationship between the dietary habits and the caries was found to be significant.

Background: Traumatic dental injury (TDI) is described as a lesion of variable extension, intensity, and severity caused by forces acting on teeth due to falls, fights, traffic accidents, collisions against objects or people, and para-function and/or as a result of an assault. Appropriate treatments of TDIs can improve the outcome chance and reduce stress and anxiety for both patients and the dental team. Despite the importance of this topic, there remains a paucity of evidence on the current situation of TDI management among dental students in Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of dental students about the management of TDIs and compare the knowledge according to the year of study. Methodology: A KAP survey was conducted on undergraduate dental students at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University dentistry college. All clinical dental students (4^th–5^th year) and interns enrolled during the 2019–2020 academic year were invited to participate in the study (n = 92). Participants filled out a questionnaire containing 16 items related to KAPs toward the management of TDIs. Results: The majority of fifth-year students (78.8%) and interns (70.8%) perceived that TDIs have the priority to be seen as an urgent case, compared to only 45.7% of fourth-year students (P = 0.013). Also, more than half of study participants reported not following any protocol for TDIs with no significant differences between study years. Furthermore, 69.7% of fifth-year students and 66.7% of interns considered the Hanks-balanced solution as the best medium for storing an avulsed permanent tooth. Conclusion: The current results demonstrated a significant shortage in the KAP toward TDI management among dental students in Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. Almost half of the students (45.7%) did not know any guidelines for the treatment of TDIs. The majority of study participants had no exposure to any previous workshops, symposiums, or conferences about managing TDIs, which makes it more difficult for them to understand and manage dental traumatic injuries. Hence, there is a need to assess the reasons behind this issue and develop solutions to improve the current situation.

Background and Aims. Retrieval of separated rotary file may not be possible many times. Then sealing of coronal root canal system depends on sealing ability of root canal sealers. The type of seal to be obtained should be bacterial-tight seal. Hence it is important to evaluate the sealing ability of obturation with different newer sealers with separated file in apical 3^rd of root canals with bacterial penetration method using e.fecalis. Methods: Forty six human mandibular molars extracted for periodontal reasons were collected. After Decoronation of teeth Protaper rotary S1 files (Dentsply Maillefer) were intentionally separated in apical third of canal and obturated with gutta-percha (Prime Dental Products, India) along with zinc oxide eugenol sealer (Dental products of India-Mumbai) in Group I, Nano Zinc oxide eugenol (Nano Research Lab, Jharkand, India) in Group II and MTA sealer (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) in Group III. Samples were assessed for bacterial leakage with E fecalis for 48 hours. The number of colony forming units was assessed. Results: The values obtained were subjected to one way ANOVA test and significance level was set to 0.05. Group I scored the highest mean value of (6.58), followed by Group II (3.91). The lowest Mean value was with Group III (2.91). However there was no statistical significant difference in Mean values among groups with (p-value 0.05). Conclusion: The mean value of colony forming units in Group III was 2.91, in Group II 3.91 and 6.58 in Group I. None of the groups demonstrated complete bacteria-tight seal.

Introduction: Thermocycling is an in-vitro process; it may affect the bonding strength between tooth and resin which is depending upon the adhesive system. Aim and Objectives: To evaluate and compare the thermocycling effect on shear bond strength of RelyX Unicem and G-CEM Linkace to polyether ether ketone (PEEK) surface. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 PEEK disk-shaped specimens were fabricated with dimensions of 10 × 3 mm and randomly allocated into two groups. Group A was cemented with Rely X Unicem material and Group B was cemented with G-CEM Linkace. About 10 specimens from each group were thermocycled 500 times at 5°C and 55°C. By applying force at the speed of 1 mm/min using a universal testing machine, shear bond strength was measured. Results: The mean bond strength was compared using paired t test. There was a significant difference even before and after thermocycling. Conclusion: In this experiment, Shear bond strength (SBS) of G-CEM Linkace showed more even before and after thermocycling when compared to RelyX. Also bond strengths of two cements decreased after thermocycling.

Introduction: Dental pulp remains one of the important sources of mesenchymal stem cells for most preclinical and clinical studies. Aim and Objectives: To assess the safety after injecting human dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells by intramucosal and intrabony routes in rabbits for clinical application. Materials and Methods: Animal studies were carried out among 30 New Zealand male white rabbits (3–5 months old), weighing 1.5–2 kgs, which were divided into three groups with 10 animals in each group. Group 1: control group, Group 2: intramucosal route, Group 3: intrabony route. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, and any P ≤ 0.05 was statistically significant. Results: A total of 30 rabbits were selected for the study, among which significant statistical difference for Packed cell volume (PCV) (P < 0.05), MCHC (P < 0.05), platelet count (P < 0.05), and ESR (p < 0.001) has been reported in the hematological parameters. The results of the present study indicate that the transplantation of hDPSCs by intramucosal and intrabony routes into a rabbit is non-toxic without any detectable side effects or local or systemic rejection. The pre-clinical safety and toxicity of the hDPSCs in various human disease models need to be determined in future studies. Various pre-clinical studies to determine the safety and toxicity of hDPSCs in human disease models have to be done in the future. Conclusion: This study showed that the intramucosal route and intrabony route of administration of stem cells were found to be non-toxic at 10 million per mL concentration. A further evaluation must be done for more definitive results.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the bond strengths of stainless steel brackets and ceramic brackets after treated with conventional visible light and argon laser. Methodology: Extracted 80 human premolar teeth were collected and stored in distilled water. They are classified into four groups. All teeth were placed in acrylic block where long axis of the tooth should be perpendicular to the mold's bottom. Teeth were subjected to ×10 magnification after debonding. Results: There is no statistically significant difference was found between the shear bond strength of argon laser and conventional visible light for stainless steel and ceramic bracket. Ceramic brackets had significantly increased bond strength than stainless steel brackets. Conclusion: Argon laser can be used for bonding orthodontic brackets using a visible light-cure orthodontic adhesive system, and ceramic brackets had significantly increased bond strength than stainless steel.

Aim: The current survey was conducted to assess the knowledge and awareness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) among oral surgeons in the state of Tamil Nadu. Methodology: The cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among oral surgeons in the state of Tamil Nadu. The self-administered questions related to knowledge and awareness of PRP were collected from 500 participants. The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS (V 22.0).The frequency distribution was computed. Results: This survey exposed that 454 (90.4%) respondents had knowledge and awareness about the role of PRP. Forty (7.0%) were knowledgeable regarding the PRP treatment. Four hundred and fifty-four (90.6%) had aware about the usage of PRP procedures in oral surgery. Conclusion: The current study's findings indicate that the oral surgeons were aware of PRP as an auxiliary therapeutic technique for wound healing and maturation.

Introduction: The novel COVID-19 which spread's primarily through oral and nasal passage poses a major threat of spread during dental treatments. It is important for dental practitioners to use minimal aerosol techniques. The aim of this study is to compare the time taken, efficiency and aerosol generated between modified and conventional technique (CT) of bracket bonding. Methods: This study includes 40 patients who required complete orthodontic treatment. In all 40 patients, one of the arches was bonded with modified technique (MT) and the opposing with CT. The time taken to prepare tooth in both the techniques were accessed. The efficiency of bond was seen over a period of 6 months. The amount of aerosol particulate matter generated during CT and MT was observed using a laser air quality monitor Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the bond failure and time taken between both the techniques. The aerosol generated in MT was minimal or almost negligible when compared to the use of CT.

Introduction: A denture wearer is highly prone to develop Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS) due to the conversion of the normal oral commensal Candida spp. into a pathogen under favorable conditions. Immuno-compromised status, trauma from the prosthesis, other systemic conditions, and improper maintenance of the dentures by the patient are few of the causative agents which turn the oral balance into an unhealthy and unsuitable foundation for the wearing of the prosthesis. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare subjects wearing complete dentures and nondenture wearers regarding Candida isolates associated with disease and colonization among the different age groups. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 subjects, 30 wearing complete dentures (Group-A) and 30 nondentures wearers (Group-B), were matched for gender, race, and age. The unstimulated saliva sample was collected and cultured in CHROMagar using standard protocols. Results: The mean value of the candidal colony-forming units with respect to Group A is Candida Albicans 0.36 ± 2.008, Candida krusei 0.27 ± 1.061, P value Group B: C. albicans 0.73 ± 2.196, C. krusei 0.36 ± 1.084. There was a significant relation between denture wearers and heavy growth of C. albicans and C. krusei in saliva culture with a P value of P-0.054 and P-0.036, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate that denture wearers with oral Candida had a higher prevalence of CADS. Patients with removable prostheses should be informed about the importance of proper prosthesis and personal hygiene since dentures and age-related immunosuppression are both well-known risk factors associated with candidiasis development, the presence of yeast, even in healthy denture wearers, should be considered a risk factor for denture stomatitis that increases with the duration of denture use.

Background: Teeth are one of the strongest hard tissues that can resist a variety of antemortem and postmortem insults and an important evidence in the field of medicolegal and forensics. In the identification of unknown human remains of the deceased, stature estimation is a preliminary investigation. Previously, the comparison of osteometry with odontometry in stature determination has been made. Similarly, an attempt is made to estimate stature using intercanine and intermolar width which may be a forensic tool in the future. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to determine stature using intercanine and intermolar width in the maxillary and mandibular arches and correlating to identify highly reliable parameter among the two. Further to evaluate the usefulness of odontometry in stature determination. Materials and Methods: Subjects for the study were recruited from the outpatient department of APDCH and students of APDCH. One hundred subjects were included in the study comprising fifty males and fifty females within the age group of 17–28 years as per inclusion criteria. Digital Vernier caliper for measuring intercanine width (cusp tips on either sides) and intermolar width (central fossa of 1^st molar on either sides) on the study models and standard anthropometer for measuring the height of the subject (vertex to the floor). Results: Compared to other parameters, the maxillary intercanine distance is statistically significant to P = 0.05 with correlation value of 0.06 by Pearson correlation method. Conclusion: The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis and was found that out of the four selected odontometric parameters, maxillary intercanine width with a P = of 0.032 and Pearson correlation of 0.307 in Group 1 (males) were found to show a significant correlation with height. Regression analysis was done, and regression equations were derived. The following regression equation can be used to calculate the height of an individual, Group 1 (male) −Y = B+ Ax. Y = 135.5 + 0.947X (X - maxillary inter canine width). This method of stature prediction may be of relative importance but not of absolute certainty, thereby making it an adjunct to various other methods of stature prediction. Therefore, using odontometric parameters in combination improves the predictability of estimating stature rather than a single parameter.

Background and Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance is a grave public health concern, and it is important to optimize the use of antimicrobials in dental surgeries. Antimicrobial prescriptions in dental implant placements are often empiric and not guided by consensus or specific guidelines. The aim of this study was to elucidate antibiotic prescribing patterns among oral implantologists. The objectives were to identify the frequency of antimicrobial usage and preferences regarding the perioperative timing of prescriptions, type of antibiotic, dosage, and duration in different implant placement scenarios. Subjects and Methods: An anonymized web-based survey was carried out. Participants were drawn from the lists of oral implantologists from all local branches of the Indian Dental Association in the state of Kerala, India, until the required sample size was met. Responses were recorded using an Internet-based validated questionnaire sent via e-mail to the participants. The questionnaire contained five sections with both open-ended and closed-ended questions. Results: Among the 93 participants, 59% of the dental implantologists preferred 0.2% povidone-iodine as a preprocedural mouth rinse in the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, and 68% prescribed 0.12%–0.2% chlorhexidine as the postoperative mouth rinse. The majority of the participants (73%) routinely prescribed systemic antibiotics perioperatively during implant placement surgery. Interestingly, while none of the participants preferred a solely preoperative regimen, 92.4% of the dentists in our survey prescribed both pre- and postoperative antibiotics. Antibiotics of choice as the preoperative agents were amoxicillin and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. The most preferred postoperative agent was amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. The popularly reported rationale behind a preoperative antibiotic was to decrease or eliminate local or systemic infections (79%), and the majority of the participants (60%) prescribed postoperative antibiotics to prevent postoperative infection. Conclusions: Systemic antibiotic prescriptions in implant placement surgery are not based on currently available evidence. Most oral implantologists who participated in the survey prescribed systemic antibiotics to prevent perioperative infection, even in simple and straightforward implant placements. Specific guidelines need to be generated in complex implant placement situations and implant placement in medically compromised patients to prevent excessive prescriptions.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in-vitro cytotoxicity of heat-cure denture base resin (PMMA) modified with recycled denture base resin at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% (w/w) concentration. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 disk-shaped specimens were prepared and divided into six groups (n = 5). The Control group (R₀) consisted of unmodified processed denture base resin, the experimental group consisted of denture base resin processed with substitution of 10% 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% (w/w) of recycled denture base resin (R₁₀, R_20, R_30, R₄₀, and R₅₀). Eluates were prepared using five sterile specimens of each group. The mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) was seeded in a 96-well cell plate system at a concentration of 1 × 10⁴ cells/well in the DMEM medium with 1× antibiotic and antimycotic solution and 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C with 5% CO₂ and incubated in a CO₂ incubator for 48 h. MTT assay was applied and the absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a microplate reader to assess the in-vitro cytotoxicity. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) along with post hoc Scheffe test was used to statistically compare the mean optical density (OD) values and cell survival/viability % amongst the groups. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed in the mean and standard deviation of the optical density and cell viability % of the test groups that were compared. Conclusion: Modification of denture base resin using recycled PMMA does not have a cytotoxic effect on the mouse fibroblast cell line L929. Clinical Significance: The ability to reuse denture base resin would significantly reduce the non-biodegradable type of biomedical waste that is produced and sent out of the dental institutes.

Background and Objectives: Health-care workers (HCWs) are playing an instrumental role in combating coronavirus infection (COVID-19). While rendering their services, they also run the risk of cross-contamination. Hence, it is important to evaluate and correlate the knowledge and attitude of HCWs of Saudi Arabia about COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A prospective, nationwide, questionnaire-based survey was conducted after getting the approval from the institutional ethical board. A validated and reliable questionnaire was constructed, developed on the Qualtrics software, and circulated through an electronic medium across the country. The questionnaire had a total of 29 questions regarding knowledge and attitude about COVID-19. Through convenience sampling, the data were collected from a total sample of 1553 HCWs. Based on the primary area of expertise, the sample was categorized into three study groups with 1040 medical health-care professionals (MHCPs) (Group I), 318 dental health-care professionals (DHCPs) (Group II), and 195 allied health-care professionals (AHCPs) (Group III). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS v. 21, where P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Female HCWs (P = 0.003) were shown to have a higher (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.46; confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–1.79) risk of inadequate knowledge in comparison to male HCWs. With respect to qualification, HCWs with doctorate qualification (P = 0.005) (aOR: 0.39; CI: 0.2–0.75) had shown to have adequate knowledge compared to their counterparts. AHCPs were shown inadequate knowledge (P < 0.001; aOR: 2.36; CI: 1.65–3.38), but adequate attitude (P < 0.001; aOR: 0.13; CI: 0.09–0.2) compared to MHCPs and DHCPs. Conclusion: MHCPs were shown to have the most appropriate level of knowledge, whereas AHCPs outscore other counterparts of HCWs with respect to attitude toward COVID-19. Emphasis should be directed to the whole community of HCWs in enhancing their awareness and practice attitude toward the novel infection of COVID-19.

Background: The majority of the current evidence suggests that tobacco smoking increases the risk of diabetes. Salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) considered a biomarker to detect various oral diseases. Several studies suggest that smoking habits tend to alter ALP and GSHPx levels. However, at present, there is no much information about these enzymes in smokers with diabetes. Hence, the study aimed to evaluate the status of salivary ALP and GSHPx levels in diabetic and nondiabetic participants with and without smoking habits. Materials and Methods: This case–control study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. A total of 60 male participants between the age group 35–50 years were recruited. Informed consent was obtained from participants. Participants were categorized into four groups: Group I – Smokers with diabetes (n = 15), Group II – Smokers without diabetes (n = 15), Group III – Nonsmoker with diabetes (n = 15), and Group IV – Nonsmoker without diabetes (n = 15). Salivary ALP levels and GSHPx activity were measured by colorimetric assay. Data were compared between groups using the one-way analysis of variance, followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: Nonsmoker diabetic participants demonstrated significantly higher ALP levels as compared to other groups (P < 0.05). We observed significantly lower levels of ALP in smokers with diabetes (P < 0.05). We observed a significant decrease in GSHPx activity in smokers with diabetes compared to all other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Salivary ALP can be used as a clinical biomarker to be correlated for evaluating diabetes. GSHPx activity can be used to understand the response of supplementation therapy in smokers with diabetes.

Background: Gypsy “Narikuravars” constituted separate sociocultural groups having distinct cultures, customs, traditions, and lifestyles. Oral health-seeking behavior of this group remains to be an ignored part. This study aims to assess the oral hygiene practices and knowledge on periodontal diseases and therapy among Gypsy Narikuravars in Puducherry. Materials and Methods: The total study population consisted of 100 subjects, and a performed validated pro forma about oral hygiene practices and knowledge on periodontal diseases was used. Results: There is no significant association between sociodemographic factors and knowledge on periodontal disease and therapy. Majority (90%) of the participants have poor knowledge of periodontal disease and therapy. 56% of the participants used their fingers to clean the teeth, and very few subjects (13%) used toothbrush to clean their teeth, and most of the participants (92%) brushes once daily using manual method. Conclusion: The practice of poor oral hygiene and lack of knowledge on periodontal disease and therapy was observed. Hence, the implementation of oral health programs and provision of comprehensive health services for these Gypsy population should be a high priority.

Introduction: Fungal infections are rare occurrence in the oral cavity. They are most often seen in other medical conditions such as the immunocompromised states, diabetes, on immunosuppressants, and more recently, among the COVID patients. There are various ways that are employed to manage these infections. The most usual of fungal infection in these conditions is mucormycosis, also called as zygomycosis. Hence, in our study, we aim to evaluate the management of the fungal infection mucormycosis in trauma patients by the surgical approach. Materials and Methods: We piloted a retrospective observational study among 50 subjects who were admitted to the department with oral fungal infections with mucormycosis. We analyzed various clinical and demographic parameters among the subjects. The data thus obtained were analyzed with proper statistical tools deliberating P < 0.05 as significant. Results: We observed that among the 50 subjects, the mean age was 41 ± 1.7 years. There was no significant difference between the genders and the age groups. The most common reason for the oral involvement was uncontrolled diabetes. This was followed by malignancy, specifically leukemia, AIDS, and COVID. The most common site of the involvement was the palate, followed by the mandibular region. All the subjects tested positive for the fungal hyphae of Rhizopus arrhizus which was the most common of the species. The surgical debridement along with the medical management showed satisfactory results, while one death was noted in our study. Conclusion: Although rare, oral involvement in the fungal infection with the mucormycosis is often easily managed when diagnosed early. The proper surgical debridement is the best method of treatment along with the appropriate medications. The management of the underlying medical conditions is the primary key for the success of the treatments.

Objective: Even when endodontic procedures are performed with the utmost care, reinfection can occur. One possible explanation is that contaminated gutta-percha cones were used in the root canals. The study's goal is to assess the antimicrobial activity and efficacy of Neem, Turmeric, and Calotropis Procera in disinfecting gutta percha cones prior to obturation. Materials and Methods: 80 Gutta percha (GP) cones were contaminated with 0.5ml Ferlands standard Enterococcus Faecalis for 10 minutes.20 cones each were treated up to 5 minutes in their prepared neem, turmeric, calotropis and sodium hypochlorite solutions. Then, they placed in BHI broth and vertex is done for 1 minute. One loopful of broth was stroked on 20 blood agar plates of 5 each neem, turmeric, calotropis and sodium hypochlorite. The plates were then incubated for 24 hours aerobically at 37°C and the colony forming units were counted with a digital colony counter. Results: Mean colony forming units were compared in all the groups and there was a statistically significant difference present among the groups (p<0.01). Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCL)as control group showed average of 5 colony forming units(CFU).Turmeric had the least average of 55 CFU and was the most effective of the experimental groups. Neem and Calotropis had the higher average of 130 CFU and 200 CFU respectively, making it the least effective of the solutions tested. Conclusion : All of the herbal solutions tested positive for disinfection of GP points. When compared to Neem and Calotropis, Turmeric was the most effective and has superior antibacterial activity.

Background: Rumex nervosus is a plant found and used in Saudi Arabia as traditional herbal medicine. Various types of plant extracts with inherent synergistic properties are being used against oral diseases. Thus, in the present study, the anti-microbial activity of Rumex nervosus extracts was studied against six common oral pathogenic bacterial strains and a pathogenic fungus. Materials and Method: Plants of R. nervosus were collected and air-dried, and extracts from various plant parts were obtained. Six clinical isolates of bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, E. faecalis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus), and one pathogenic Candida (C. albicans) were obtained. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of R. nervosus was determined using the Kirby–Bauer agar disc diffusion method. Zones of inhibition were recorded after 48 h of incubation. Data collected were analyzed. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Methanol extract from leaves were highly effective against S. aureus, with a mean inhibition zone of 33 mm, followed by a 28-mm zone of inhibition using an extract from roots and a minimum inhibition zone using an extract from stems. Zones of inhibition using methanol extract from roots were effective against S. mutans, S. sanguinis, E. faecalis, and L. acidophilus, with mean inhibition zones being 19, 17, 33, and 31 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The study has provided insight into a new potential herbal anti-microbial agent that may benefit dental care.

Background: There have been many studies and experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of dental treatment. Maxillary canine extraction is such a dental treatment which can be performed through either alveolar corticotomy (AC) or piezocision (PZ). The current study aims to compare the effectiveness of these two types of dental procedures. It is based on a randomized clinical trial (RCT) through the split-mouth technique supported by a parallel group design. The participants in the trial were selected on the basis of a medical criterion. The clinical trial involved extraction of both the first maxillary premolar teeth through use of orthodontic instruments. This study aims to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of alveolar corticotomy and piezocision corticotomy in acceleration of maxillary canine retraction and how it can be used for expression of multiple bone remodeling gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). As part of this study, a RCT was performed on the basis of split-mouth technique at the Department of Orthodontics of Pontifical Catholic University at Minas Gerais in Brazil. The sample size for the clinical trial consisted of people who required extraction of maxillary premolar teeth after canine extraction. After digital intraoral scans, the cumulative distal movement of canines was measured on the basis of superimposition of digital model and the results were considered as the primary outcome of the study. The GCF bone remodeling samples were considered as the secondary outcomes. Results: 50 patients, involving 22 males and 28 females were analyzed in this particular clinical trial. The age range that was considered for this clinical trial was 19–33 years. In case of understanding the distal movement between control and AC, no statistical significance was observed in Group1 (G1). Lower cumulative cervical and incisal measurements in case of PZ was lower than the measurement in the control state. In all the groups, the expression of the biomarkers had occurred in specific timepoints (P < 0.05) but no distinct pattern was observed. Conclusions: In order to accelerate the maxillary canine retraction, PZ and AC were ineffective. No distinct induction pattern of biomarker expression was noted as well.

Aim: The purpose of this case-control study was to evaluate the role of TNF-α in gingival crevicular fluid among obese women with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects were randomly selected for the study. The study population was further divided into three groups (Group 1, Obese women without periodontitis; Group 2, Non-obese women without periodontitis; Group 3, Obese with chronic periodontitis). Gingival crevicular fluid samples were taken for assessment based on clinical parameters like probing depth, bleeding on probing, and BMI. Results: There was significant increase in the level of TNF-α in gingival crevicular fluid from obese patients with chronic periodontitis and a positive correlation was found between TNF-α levels and values of the plaque index, OHI –I and BMI. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that GCF level of TNF-α was significantly higher in obese patients with and without chronic periodontitis, and highest in obese patients with chronic periodontitis group.

Introduction: Growing evidence has shown that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme capable of catalyzing prostaglandin production, plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have been shown to reduce the establishment of tumors such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and premalignant conditions such oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) in experimental models. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in OSCC and OSMF with the normal oral mucosa as control. Material and Methods: Forty-five formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples comprising 20 OSCC, 20 OSMF, and 5 normal oral mucosa specimens were withdrawn from the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology for immunohistochemical examination for COX-2 expression. Negative and less than 5% COX-2 positivity was considered negative expressions, while greater than or equal to 5% COX-2 positivity was considered positive expression. The data obtained were statistically analyzed. Results: The difference in percentages of expression in normal mucosa, OSCC, and OSMF was highly significant (P < 0.01). In comparison to normal mucosa, OSCC and OSMF had an increased level of COX-2 expression. However, there was an insignificant difference between the various histological gradings of OSCC and OSMF. Conclusion: The results of the present study confirm the role of COX-2 in carcinogenesis and in the progression of premalignant conditions to malignancy.

Background: The goal for placement of intracanal medicament during pulpal therapy procedures is to eradicate the bacteria and the exotoxins from the infected root canal, thereby preventing and controlling pulpal and periradicular infections. Chemo-mechanical preparation is considered an essential step in root canal disinfection; but to accomplish the total elimination of bacteria in highly complex root canal anatomy is difficult. Intracanal medicaments help eliminate bacteria by remaining in the root canal, and calcium hydroxide has been recommended as one of the most effective antimicrobial dressings during endodontic therapy. The herbal agents offer an alternative to synthetic compounds. They have been considered either non-toxic or less toxic. The rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant strains and side effects caused by synthetic drugs have prompted researchers to look for herbal alternatives. Aim and Objective: The in vitro study aims to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of triphala and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis as an intracanal medicament. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of triphala and calcium hydroxide was evaluated against E. faecalis cultured and incubated for various time frames in 42 intact, caries-free, human, single-rooted teeth with straight roots and mature apices. The comparison of the number of counted colonies after each incubation time and based on the type of drug used inside the canal is evaluated using non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test, respectively. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 14.0. Results: Efficacy of calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis was best in the first 72-hr time duration compared with triphala. Triphala showed significant antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis that was closely parallel to the calcium hydroxide group in one week. Calcium hydroxide and triphala had complete eradication of Enterococcus faecalis in a given one-month time duration.

Background: Disimpaction of mandibular of third molar is one of the commonest minor oral surgical procedures. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) plays a vital role in both hard and soft tissue healing. There are various subtypes of PRF used for different surgical sites. Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of Advanced PRF (A-PRF) and Standard PRF (S-PRF) in the healing process of the surgical sites after the removal of mandibular third molars. Changes in swelling, pain, and mouth opening were evaluated. Materials and Methods: 10 patients (3 men, 7 women; 18–35 years old) were selected for the removal of bilateral impacted mandibular third molar teeth. A-PRF and S-PRF were placed in the right-hand side for 5 patients in each group. In both the groups, the left side of the patients was taken as the control group. Postoperative pain was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS), postoperative swelling was calculated using the distance between multiple facial landmarks (method) and mouth opening measured interincisally on the 1^st postoperative day, 3^rd day, and the 7^th day, respectively. SPSS version 26.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Advanced PRF group recorded noteworthy improvement in pain (P = 0.063), swelling (P = 0.001), and mouth opening (P = 0.013) when compared to the standard PRF group. There was statistically substantial variance between the advanced PRF and standard PRF groups. Conclusion: Advanced PRF group showed decreased swelling, pain, and increased mouth opening compared to standard PRF group.

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has been deemed as one of the biggest global health crisis. The pandemic has caused a landslide in governance, economics, health care systems, and the daily lifestyle of man for the past 2 years. One of the chief weapons installed by various governments worldwide was the rapid development of an efficient vaccine to combat the disease. This study aims to identify the awareness of COVID 19 and seeks to find the challenges faced by the community in vaccination. This study hypothesized the presence of a multifaceted issue among the transgender populations' hesitance to vaccination. The results from the study could be exploited by the policy makers of the government to provide policies that best alleviate the hesitance among the transgender population. Material and Methods: This study is a cross sectional questionnaire based study. A total of 121 transgender people above the age of 18 years who were voluntarily willing for the study were included in the study, while excluding the male and female participants and those transgender participants who were unwilling for the study. Results and Discussion: A 100% response regarding COVID-19 awareness from the 121 participants showed exemplary reach to the population. With 76% of individuals being vaccinated, the acceptance of the vaccine and reach of the vaccine was high. COVID-19 awareness has reached the people from all walks of life. With little tweaks to the current policies, India could achieve absolute vaccination against the pandemic.

Introduction: The loss of teeth leads to difficulty in chewing and smiling and an unesthetic appearance. The present study assessed the role of complete dentures in improving the chewing efficiency of edentulous patients. Materials and Methods: Eighty-two complete denture wearers of age group 40–75 years of both genders were enrolled in the study. The chewing efficiency of denture was determined by VMM machine. Patients were provided with the self- administered questionnaire and were advised to answer. Results: Out of 82 patients, there were 42 (51.2%) males and 40 (48.8%) females. The mean ± SD particle size was found to be 0.12 ± 0.07 mm in males and 0.13 ± 0.06 mm in females. A non-significant difference was observed (P > 0.05). The mean ± SD satisfaction level value was 1.28 ± 0.07. Conclusion: There was improved chewing efficiency with the complete denture, and the patient satisfaction level was high among patients.

Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of normal saline, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 0.01% hypochlorous acid against Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity was assayed by Kirby–Bauer cup-well agar diffusion method. Three cup-wells were bored in each petriplate and were filled with 50 μl of each of the respective test agents. Culture plates were placed in an incubator at 37°C and after 24 hours, the size of the magnification inhibition zone was quantified with a caliper and recorded in respective tables. The experiment was reiterated ten times for each reagent, and the diameter of the magnification inhibition zones caused by the irrigation solutions was recorded. The antimicrobial activity of the three test solutions was determined. Results: The antibacterial property of the three groups was compared by utilizing ANOVA test. The association was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.000). The antibacterial property between 2.5% NaOCl and 0.01% HOCl was further compared with independent t test. This association was however not statistically significant (P = 0.02).

Background: The instrumentation technique which produces least amount of apically extruded debris is desirable to use in biomechanical preparation of root canal. Aim: To quantitatively evaluate apically extruded debris during instrumentation with hand K-file, ProTaper Next, and WaveOne. Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted human single-rooted mandibular premolars with straight, single canal and single apical foramen were selected after radiographic evaluation and divided equally into three groups. Cleaning and shaping was done using hand K-files in step-back technique, ProTaper Next, and WaveOne single-file system. Debris extruded apically was collected into Eppendorf tubes and stored in an incubator at 37°C temperature for 5 days for drying. Weight of dry debris was measured using electronic microbalance with an accuracy of 10⁻⁵ g. Statistical Analysis: Student's t-test, with P value < 0.05 is statistically significant. Results: Statistically significant (P < 0.05) amount of debris was extruded by all three instrumentation systems: hand K-file- 1.9220 mg, ProTaper Next- 1.4940 mg, and WaveOne- 0.9940 mg. Least amount of debris produced by WaveOne was statistically significant (P < 0.05) when compared with the other two systems. Conclusion: The WaveOne reciprocating system extruded least amount of debris in comparison to hand K-file and ProTaper Next.

Background: There are many different types of malocclusions that may result from the sagittal, vertical, or transverse deviations in normal craniofacial development. When it comes to orthodontic problems, malocclusions in the sagittal plane may have a considerable impact on a person's self-esteem as well as their ability to speak and eat properly. Sagittal anomalies in the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue systems may now be accurately diagnosed using a universally accepted standard lateral cephalogram (SLCE). Methods and Materials: The principal investigator manually traced the cephalograms, identified skeletal landmarks, and measured the following data. The ANB angle (normal range: 0° to 4°) is the angle framed by the point A, Nasion, and B. Estimated oppositely from point A and B on the functional occlusal plane, with Wits evaluation: AO-to-BO direct distance. AB plane angle : the angle formed by the AB and the Npog plane (normal range = -9° to 0°). Beta angle: the angle framed by the A-CB and AB lines, with a typical range of 27° to 35°. W angle: this is the angle created by the opposite line from M to the S-G line and the M-G line, with a typical range of 51 to 55 degrees. The angle of convexity: the angle between N-point A and A-Pog. (Normal range: -8.5 to 10 degree) Results: We utilised Pearson correlation to see how well the different skeletal studies correlated with one another. Wits and the ANB angle of convexity exhibited an excellent relationship with each other, with r = 0.831 and Downs angle of convexity (both r = 0.823 and P = 0.01) being statistically significant. This study used Kappa statistics to assess the degree of agreement between several cephalometric diagnostic criteria. The agreement between the ANB and final groups was strong (k = 0.802, P = 0.01). Conclusion: There was a strong link between all of the cephalometric measures. The cephalometric landmark and valid indication was determined to be the most dependable in evaluating malocclusion and development pattern.

Background: Zirconia and other dental pottery, heat-restored polymethyl methacrylate, titanium and other metal amalgams, or a mix of these materials are utilized to fix inserts. It is important to choose a material that is resistant to bacterial colonization for implant-supported prostheses, but durability and aesthetics are important factors as well. Aim: Biofilm generation on materials used in implant-supported dental prosthesis manufacturing was an objective of this investigation. Methods and Materials: In this study, 90 discs were prepared. These discs were divided into three groups: group PMMA, group Y-TZP, and group CP-Ti. Each group consisted of 30 discs. As helpful materials, 30 discs (D = 15 mm, H = 3 mm) each were created from either monetarily unadulterated titanium (CP-Ti), yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (YTZP), or hotness-restored polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The examples were cleaned as per acknowledged practices. The non-contact profilometer (NPFLEX, Bruker, UK) was utilized to survey the surface rougness of each disc, and the outcomes were accounted for as Ra (m). An assortment of gram-negative microbes, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella albicans, were refined close by cleaned discs produced using heat-relieved PMMA, Y-TZP, or CP-Ti to see which type of biofilm is shaped best. CFU/mL was the unit of estimation (state framing units per milliliter). Results: Y-TZP discs have a substantially higher Ra (349 41 m) than PMMA and CP-Ti discs. Some bacteria that have been associated with peri-mucositis and peri-implantitis may be less prevalent on Y-TZP or CP-Ti discs. Biofilm development must be considered while making implant-supported prostheses using Y-TZP and CP-Ti. Conclusion: Y-TZP and CP-Ti are preferred materials for implant-supported prosthesis production because of biofilm development.

Background: Surgical excision of the problematic mandibular third molars causes substantial tissue damage and an inflammatory response. Discomfort and edema are common postoperative signs and symptoms caused by the latter. To find out whether dexamethasone may help with the edema and pain that come along with the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars, researchers have performed clinical studies. Methods: Twenty individuals with bilaterally affected mandibular third molars who were scheduled for extraction participated in a prospective trial. At two separate sessions, teeth were raised and cut after buccal ostectomy. Since the surgical operation on the left foot, both patients were administered a mixture of 4 mg dexamethasone submucosal injection and antibiotics for 3 days. On the 1^st, 3^rd, and 7^th postoperative days, edema and pain were assessed. Results: At the 1^st, 3^rd, and 7^th postoperative days, there was a clinically meaningful decrease in the level of edema and discomfort in both arms. Conclusions: The current report offers empirical proof that administering a 4 mg dexamethasone submucosal injection during surgery greatly reduced post-surgical edema and discomfort.

Aim: This study was carried out with the objective of recognizing the involvement of human papillomavirus (HPV) in conditions of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant conditions and lesions. Materials and Methods: OSCC samples from thirty patients were collected and thirty paraffin-embedded, oral premalignant specimens were collected. It was decided to use as a negative control samples gingiva from healthy individuals who had no prior history of oral proliferative leukoplakia or OSCC. The samples were then processed using a paraffin-embedded tissue block method. Deoxyribonucleic acid will be extracted from the paraffin-embedded tumor sample of sixty case subjects and tested for the presence of HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction. Results: In study Group 1, 24 samples were taken from males and 6 from females. In study Group 2, 26 cases were males and 4 were females. In Group 1, 16 cases of moderately differentiated and 14 cases of well differentiated each were present. No case of poorly differentiated were found. There was statistically no significant difference present between male and female when Group 1 and Group 2 was considered. In study Group 1, 0 samples had positive HPV DNA detection, whereas 30 samples had negative HPV DNA detection. In study Group 2, 0 samples had positive HPV DNA detection, whereas 30 samples had negative HPV expression. Conclusion: According to our findings, certain incidences of OSCC may be linked to HPV, however, this was not the case for all of the cancers.

Introduction: It is important to construct the sprue in a way that ensures that the mold gets an appropriate supply of metal at the right speed. Many manufacturers now offer sprue designs that have not been advocated in textbooks or publications for their normal use. Aim: The goal of this research was to compare the sprue design's marginal fit to that of the other designs. Methods: During this investigation, we attempted to see whether the fabrication of metal copings could be improved. Three sprue designs were used in this research for the assessment of casting accuracy: normal cylindrical, funnel-shaped, and cuboidal or flattened sprue forms. Results: The mean marginal disparity of nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloy copings made by three distinct brands was determined to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study, it was concluded that the marginal accuracy of metal copings fabricated with three different brands of Ni–Cr alloy did not reveal a statistically significant result. However, out of the three different sprue designs, that is, cylindrical, cuboidal, and funnel shape, the marginal accuracy of cylindrical and cuboidal sprue designs was found to be better than that of the funnel shape sprue design because the funnel shape sprue design is narrow at the point of attachment, thereby increasing the flow pressure and decreasing the turbulence of the molten metal.

Background and Objective: Despite the fact that antibiotics and analgesics are regularly prescribed by dentists, little is known regarding the dental practitioners' knowledge and comprehension of their usage in daily clinical practice. A lack of sufficient training for dental students is a possible cause of prescription mistakes. For the purpose of determining whether dental students are capable of rationally prescribing antibiotics by the time they graduate, this research examined dental students' understanding of administering antibiotics. Methods: The dentistry students' understanding of prescription antibiotics was assessed by means of a questionnaire. Participants in this research were undergraduates in their third and fourth year of Buraydah Private College of Dentistry and Pharmacy. Students at college were asked to fill out a standardized questionnaire. Results: The majority of antibiotics provided were in the right dosage and dosage form, although the frequency and length of treatment varied widely. Some 75.3% of the time, amoxicillin was administered in this research, followed by metronidazole (6.2%), tetracycline (4.1%), and erythromycin (3.2%). Conclusion: Continuing education on the sensible use of antibiotics in dental infections is essential, and it is best when this is done in conjunction with its use in clinical settings. To ensure that dentistry students are competent and responsible prescribers of antibiotics at the time of graduation, prescription guidelines are needed.

Background: The maxillary sinus is a pyramidal-shaped osseous cavity, and maxillary molars are found to be in close proximity to the sinus floor or even protruding into it. The present study was conducted to measure the relation between the roots and sinus floor and also the thickness of the bone using CBCT to determine age and gender differences. Materials and Methods: The individuals were separated into two groups based on age: Those under 40 and those over 40 years. There were 25 men and 25 females in the study. Axial, coronal, and sagittal slices of the CBCT images were obtained. Results: The first molar root distance and cortical bone thickness varied significantly between men and women, as well as across different ages. Mesiobuccal root with sinus floor was shown to have a substantial mean value for both sexes (P = 0.049 and P = 0.003). In females, the thickness of the buccal plate was 1.291 mm, whereas, in men, it was 2.447 mm (P = 0.000). There was a substantial difference in the thickness of the buccal plate between men and women who were at least 40 years old (P = 0.000). Conclusion: This study suggests how important it is to look at anatomical features and bone thickness when determining a person's age and gender.

Background: Autistic children want a lot of help cleaning their teeth and they have a higher risk of periodontal disorder and less caries than the general public. The study's purpose is to see how helpful manual and powered toothbrushing are for autistic kids aged 6–12 years. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 autistic children aged 6–12 years were chosen at random from Mangalore city schools. The simplified oral hygiene index was used to determine the baseline oral health (OHI-S). Children were split into two classes during an oral review. Children in Group 1 received a manual toothbrush, and those in Group 2 received a powered toothbrush. Many of the children were given Colgate fluoride-free toothpaste. Under the guidance of care professionals, children were taught to brush for 3 min. They were taught to count from 1 to 20 when brushing each buccal and lingual section. The index was rechecked at the conclusion of the 1^st month (30^th day) and the next month (3^rd month) (90^th day). On the 60^th day, the recently learned techniques were reinforced (end of the 2^nd month). Result: In Group 1, a statistically significant reduction in mean OHI-S scores was observed in baseline versus 30 days and baseline versus 90 days, while in Group 2, a statistically highly significant reduction in baseline versus 30 days, baseline versus 90 days, and 30 days versus 90 days was observed. Conclusion: Furthermore, in autism children, powered teeth brushing shows potential. Long-term follow-up and greater sample size are, however, needed.

Introduction: Periodontitis is a multifaceted disease that results from the intricate interplay of infectious pathogens and host factors. Periodontal surgical techniques may be required in moderate to severe cases of chronic periodontitis. As a result of the potential for postoperative infection to have a substantial impact on the surgical outcome, an attempt will be made in the study to assess the role of antibiotics in periodontal flap procedures in minimizing postoperative infections. Methodology: From the Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, 30 patients (male and female) with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were chosen. Amoxicillin 500 mg three times a day for 5 days following surgery was given in the therapeutic group (15 patients). Antibiotics were not provided to the control group (15 patients) after surgery. Both groups were administered analgesics and antiseptic mouthwash. On the seventh day after suture removal, patients were assessed for pain (measured on a visual analogue scale [VAS]), modified gingival index, wound healing index, swelling, fever, ulceration, and delayed wound healing. Results: The VAS reported in the control group was 2.67, while the VAS recorded in the therapeutic group was 2.20. The mean modified gingival index score in the control group was 0.94, while it was 0.67 in the therapeutic group. The mean Wound Healing Index score in the control group was 3.80, whereas it was 3.97 in the therapeutic group. When antibiotics were administered to patients, they reported less pain and faster wound healing. Following flap surgery with or without antibiotics, however, there were no statistically significant variations in all clinical measures. Conclusion: The findings of our study imply that antibiotics for the sole goal of avoiding postsurgical infections may not be beneficial.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of resorbable plates for the fixation of mandible fracture. Materials and Methods: 10 cases of fracture mandible were treated with resorbable plates using the Inion CPS system. Patients were evaluated during their entire hospital stay and recalled on 1^st, 4^th, and 8^th postoperative weeks. A thorough evaluation was done at the recall visits for any surgical and postoperative complications such as infection, malocclusion, neural abnormalities, wound or suture dehiscence, segmental mobility, foreign body reaction, and pain on biting. Bite force measurements were taken to evaluate the return of function. Results: Clinical union of the fracture was noted at the 8^th week follow-up examination for all cases. There were swelling and pain at the operated site at 8^th week follow-up for one patient, which was managed conservatively. The mean bite force was recorded for different regions and it increased over the entire follow-up period progressively. Conclusion: These plates and screws are an essential tool in the treatment of mandibular fractures owing to benefits such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and the ability to be eliminated via the body's natural processes.

Introduction: Gingival depigmentation is a surgical procedure done to eliminate or reduce gingival hyperpigmentation. Various techniques are employed such as scalpel de-epithelization, gingivectomy, electrosurgery, use of chemical agents, cryosurgery, and lasers. The present study was conducted to assess the efficacy of laser and electrosurgical procedure in reducing gingival pigmentation in terms of pain, wound healing, and recurrence of melanin pigmentation. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted on 40 subjects affected by melanin pigmentation. Group I patients were treated with electrosurgery and Group II patients with diode laser procedure. Evaluation for pain was done intraoperatively, 24 hours and 7 days using VAS. Wound healing and recurrence of pigmentation was assessed at one month and three months. Results: No significant difference was noted between the two groups for pain assessment at 7 days with P > 0.001. Both electrosurgery and laser group showed significant differences between intraoperative time period to 24 hours and 24 hours to 7 days at P < 0.001 for pain. Conclusion: Esthetic demands necessitate cosmetic gingival depigmentation procedure. Laser diode photoablation proves to be an effective and reliable technique in achieving the same.

It has become more common that after a mandibular third molar impaction operation, platelet concentrates have been shown to be useful in aiding the healing process. The patients were examined on day 1, day 2, day 3, day 7, the first month, and the second month following surgery. There was a slew of parameters to investigate and tally up. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 people with impacted mandibular third molars were included in the research. Patients' own blood platelets were used to make the transfusion more effective. One of the sockets was selected at random to serve as the test side. Instead of the other connector, the control socket was utilized. Results: There was no statistical difference between the test and control groups when it came to pain or soft tissue healing, according to a Mann–Whitney U test used to analyze the data. T test was performed to check for edema and density in the bones. Bone density measurements on the test side were significant, whereas measurements of edema on the test side were not. There was no alveolar osteitis on any of the subjects' limbs. Conclusion: Bone and soft tissue healing may be aided by platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Several growth components are included, which aid in the healing process.

We conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy of physics forceps in dental extractions as compared with conventional forceps and as well as to evaluate its atraumatic point of view. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 healthy adult patients were included in the study who reported for dental extractions, divided into two groups each containing 100 patients. The patients were randomly allocated into either group by lottery method. Results: Operating time in the physics forceps group was found to be significantly reduced as well as lesser incidence of dry socket was noted which was statistically significant on the 2^nd day postoperatively. However, incidence of root fracture, buccal plate fracture, and gingival lacerations were not found to be statistically significant but their occurrence was less in the physics forceps group as compared with the conventional forceps group. Conclusion: To conclude, we can say that extractions done by physics forceps results in significant reduction in unnecessary trauma as well as stress to both the operator and patient. The forceps is an atraumatic extraction system which is a boon for the profession, thereby reducing ridge deformities and preparing the patients for future prosthesis.

Introduction: An essential part of root canal cleaning is irrigating the system to remove any remaining debris and tissue remains. The purpose of root canal therapy is to shape and clean the endodontic space, reduce the bacterial burden, and remove the pulp tissue. In this research, several irrigation solutions with and without sonic irrigation were evaluated to see how quickly tissue dissolves. Method: A tissue sample was taken from a cow (68 ± 3 mg) with no statistically significant difference between groups. All five test tubes in each group were immersed in irrigant, and each group contained one subgroup with five test tubes. Separate weights were recorded for every irrigant that had been passed through the filter paper. Thus, the quantity of pulp dissolved by different irrigating solutions was quantified using a filtering technique. Results: It was revealed that there was a substantial difference between the groups. Sonic and non-sonic irrigation of sodium hypochlorite resulted in a substantial difference in tissue disintegration. Conclusion: This research found that sodium hypochlorite was more effective than EDTA and saline in dissolving pulp. Despite several studies claiming that neem has potent antibacterial activities, tissue dissolution has not been shown in experiments using this herb.

Background: Surgery site infections (SSIs) are infections that arise in surgery for an operative wound infection surveillance within 30 days of surgery or 90 days after implant installation. JNMC, Bhagalpur, India, intended to look at the pre- and postoperative use of antibiotics. Methods: Four hundred twelve patient charts were analyzed for four months in JNMC, Bhagalpur, India as part of a hospital-based cross-section study. The study covered all patients 13 years of age and older who had been admitted to the hospital and had undergone various surgeries. In addition, a P value was preserved for the further multivariate analysis, using multiple logistic regressions, to study the association between the resulting variable and the predictor. Results: The general surgery operation included 152 of the 412 patients, while the remainder was for different operations. A single operative antibiotic was administered to the majority of patients, followed by two surgical prophylactic medications. Before the hospital was discharged, 40 of the patients experienced surgical site infections. In almost half of these cases, ceftriaxone and metronidazole were combined with SSIs. Emergency surgery patients were 2.6 times more likely to have a SSI than optional surgery patients. The SSIs were 2.5 times more likely in patients who were not given antibiotic prophylaxis. In our investigation, the protection against SSI was found to include clean-contaminated and contaminated wound types. Conclusions: According to this study, the majority of patients received antimicrobial prophylaxis. In the hospital where the study was done, the total incidence of SSIs was 11.1%. The most frequently given antibiotic was ceftriaxone. The absence of prevention, wound type, and types of surgery has all been associated with SSI development.

Aim: Mothers' understanding of feeding methods and how they affect deciduous dentition were the focus of this study. Materials and Methods: This study looked at people from different parts of the population. In total, 230 moms of children aged 6 months to 5 years who completed an oral health questionnaire were included in the study. Mothers' awareness of feeding patterns and their impact on deciduous dentition were examined in the study. Results: Illiterate moms' children showed a significant difference in the quality of their occlusion compared to similarly raised children of literate mothers. Children who began supplementary feeding before the age of 6 months were more likely to have occlusion changes. Conclusion: Malocclusion prevalence was shown to be unrelated to meal behaviors. However, further research is required as there are just a few studies currently available.

Objective: The researchers wanted to see whether ozonated water with ultrasonication and sodium hypochlorite can destroy Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in root canals. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 single-rooted human teeth were used. A total of 100 roots were harvested and mechanically prepared. The root canals were randomly divided into four classes (n = 10) after being infected with E. faecalis for 24 h. Each sample's MTT value was calculated. Conclusions: NaOCl and aqueous ozone provide antibacterial effects in in-vitro conditions in root canals.

Introduction: Prostate lesions are of common occurrence in men, particularly in old age. Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) has remained a primary screening diagnostic aid for these lesions coupled with ultrasound and biopsies. The discovery of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) has led to novel pathways in the detection of these lesions, particularly for malignant types. Hence this study was undertaken to correlate histopathological findings with PSA levels in a health care facility in Ranchi. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi. Serum PSA values and histopathological evaluation of prostatic biopsies were conducted and correlated. Raised serum PSA levels were divided into three groups based on set values. Results: A definite predilection for older ages was noted, with the 5^th and 6^th decades having the highest numbers of prostatic lesions. The sensitivity of PSA in the detection of carcinoma prostate cases was calculated to be 81.8%. The sensitivity of DRE was found to be 45.45% in the detection of cases of carcinoma of the prostate. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated serum PSA levels to be a reliable front-line technique in assessing an individual's risk for prostatic lesions.

Aim: Testing whether two sealant systems (cold laterally compacted gutta-percha and Obtura II) can be used with extraction across two apically separated rotational nickel-titanium files was the primary objective of this study (RACE and K3). Materials and Methods: Both the positive and negative control teeth were randomly distributed among 62 mandibular premolars to create two groups of 30 each. Following the RACE and K3 approaches, four subgroups were created from the roots. Subgroups A1, B1, and A2, B2 (n = 10 each) were formed in the apical thirds of the canal at 3 mm from the tip. There was no division of instruments between groups A3, B3, B4, and A4. When it came to obturation, the Obtura II method was used for A2, A4, B2, B4, and A1, A3. A dye extraction process was employed to determine whether the specimens had been obliterated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student t test (two-tailed, independent), and Leven's test were used to ascertain the values for each of the study groups. Results: Group A1 had a substantially lower leakage rate than group B1. Groups A2, B2 and A3, B3 had no statistically significant differences. Group A4 had a substantially lower leakage rate than group B4. Conclusion: Even when the cracked NiTi rotary system was not present, Obtura II-obturated groups had less leakage than the lateral condensation approach.

Introduction: For the study's purposes, the researchers are looking to examine if there is a correlation between the skeletal base connection and lip and dermal prints, as well as whether there is a significant variation between genders. Materials and Procedures: Participants in the study numbered 120: Based on Reidel's Malocclusion categorization, There were 40 each of Class I, Class II, and Class III samples. The cellophane technique was used to obtain lip, finger, and palm prints from each of the 120 participants, and the data was analysed using SPSS 22.0. Intergroup comparisons were made using the Chi square test. Atd angle and a-b ridge count were both shown to be statistically significant via the use of an ANOVA test. Class III skeletal malocclusion individuals have a vertical lip pattern, as opposed to the branching lip pattern seen in Class I and II. All three research populations, including the South Indian population, have a right loop pattern. Class I individuals exhibited a greater number of a-b ridges and a greater atd angle. The majority of males and females had branching lip patterns. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics and cheiloscopy can be used to investigate the genetic correlations of malocclusion and to prevent malocclusion at an early stage. They are simple, affordable, and noninvasive. However, they are not totally dependable because to other ethnic and environmental factors.

Aim of the Study: The objective of this in-vitro study was to assess the screening capabilities of three endodontic sealers, namely the BioRoot RCS, the MTA Fillapex, and Sealapex (a calcium hydroxide-based sealer), and the gutta-percha cone by using a scanning electron microscopy to the dentine walls. The results from the research are presented here. Results: ZOE exhibited more gaps in the sealing materials evaluated with the least dental sealing performance, followed by the cervical third by the MTA Fillapex, the Sealapex, and the BioRoot RCS. The ZOE, followed by Sealapex, MTA Fillapex, and BioRoot RCS, exhibited inadequate dental wall sealing capacity in the middle of the third. The third apical ZOE exhibited more deficiencies in the formation of dental walls, followed by Sealapex, MTA Fillapex, and BioRoot RCS. Conclusion: Under the constraints of the investigation, it can be stated that for the bioceramic sealer, a minimal gap was seen, with RCS of BioRoot superior to Fillapex of MTA. In the middle third, Sealapex was better adapted to the calcium hydroxide-based sealant than the MTA Fillapex sealer. MTA Filllapex had lower gap development than Sealapex in cervical or apical thirds.

This systematic review was undertaken to assess neck and back pain in dental practitioners. Published articles from 2015 onwards were explored in search engines of Pubmed, Medline, Scopus and Journal of web for outcomes of neck and back pain in dental practitioners. A total of 13 articles were reviewed, after carefully considering the eligibility criteria. The prevalence of neck and back pain was considerably higher, with neck pain occurrence ranging from 13.02% to 84.6% and back pain observed in 15.7% - 88.9% of reviewed studies. A higher prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was observed stressing appropriate interventional measures to reduce the same.

Background: Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for the health of gingival and periodontal tissues due to its antioxidant potential. Aim: To assess the levels of vitamin C in different stages and grades of periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The present study follows a cross-sectional study design and was conducted in a private dental clinic in Palestine. The present study involves the collection of serum to assess the vitamin C deficiency in patients with existing periodontal diseases. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the difference in the vitamin C levels in various stages and grades of periodontitis. P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was a significantly lower vitamin C level in patients with Stage IV periodontitis as compared to the early stages of periodontitis. However, there was no difference between the other stages of periodontitis. Conclusion: Vitamin C deficiency might be considered as one of the risk factors in periodontitis.

Background and Objective: It has been a significant challenge since the advent of intraocular lens to give the best postoperative visual acuity and prevent refractive surprises due to biometry error. Among myopic eyes, it has been a debate among the various formulas introduced and their efficacy to prevent postoperative refractive surprises. Hence, the need for an accurate formula in high myopic eyes is obligatory. Objectives of the Study: To compare the accuracy of SRK-T and Haigis formulas in IOL power calculation in axial myopic eyes undergoing cataract surgery. Methods: A total of 50 cases with axial length >24 mm were taken up for the study and were examined in detail and error between both formulas were assessed. Results: The mean age of the subjects in the study was 53.50 ± 16.12 years; 27 were males, and 23 were females. The majority of patients had PSC + NS II. Seven out of 50 cases had posterior staphyloma. Most of the patients had average K value in the 44–46-D range. AL of most of the patients (66%) was between 24 and 26 mm. The majority of patients had IOL power >15 D, and 82% (41 eyes) were found to have no post-op complications. Four eyes had severe iritis, and five eyes had striate keratopathy. At the follow-up at 6^th week postoperatively, 82% were found to have 6/6–6/9 vision on Snellen's chart. Four eyes had 6/12–6/24 post-op vision, mainly attributed to primary PCO. Five eyes (10%) had <6/24 post op vision at the end of 1 week due to the presence of posterior staphyloma. A higher percentage of eyes in the SRK/T group had a mean error >0.5 D. Upon comparing the mean error between the two groups, P was 0.005; hence, the results are statistically very significant, showing that Haigis formula is better than SRK/T formula in achieving target refraction (−1) in myopic eyes undergoing phacoemulsification. Interpretation and Conclusion: Our study shows that Haigis formula was better than SRK/T formula for achieving the target postoperative refraction in high axial myopes.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most common speech impairments among mouth breathing (MB) children and to assess the relationship between them in terms of etiology, gender, clinical symptoms, clinical findings, and dental traits. Materials and Methods: A total of 498 mouth-breathers, both male and female, aged 9–17 years, were screened for allergic rhinitis (AR), adenoid hypertrophy (AH), and/or functional mouth breathing (FM). The subjects were assessed by a team that included an otorhinolaryngologist, an allergologist, an orthodontist, and a speech pathologist. Results: MB was associated with AR, AH, FM, and orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMD). AR was the most common etiology, followed by FM. Further, 81.7% of the children had speech disorders such as speech sound problems, fluency disorders, and voice disorders. A statistically significant association was found between etiology, OMD, and speech alterations. Males had a statistically highly significant frequency of speech abnormalities than females. Frontal lisp was found in 36.1%, followed by stuttering (19.2%). In 10.6% of the children, two or more speech impediments occurred simultaneously. There was also a statistically significant association between various speech abnormalities and malocclusion. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggested that articulation disorders were frequently associated with MB children. It emphasizes the necessity of monitoring MB children through a multidisciplinary approach to prevent the adverse effects of MB and improve the overall development of individuals.

Background: Dental caries is the most prevalent dental disease affecting human race. The etiology and pathogenesis of dental caries are known to be multifactorial. Studies have shown that removable partial dentures in the oral cavity increases the biofilm formation and consequently an increase in the occurrence of caries and periodontal diseases. There is a complex relationship between diabetes mellitus and dental caries. Patients with diabetes are more susceptible to oral sensory, periodontal, and salivary disorders which could increase the risk of developing new and recurrent dental caries. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries among diabetic and non-diabetic acrylic removable partial denture wearers. Materials and Methods: Individuals participating in the study were partially edentulous and aged between 18 and 64 years. Patients were screened at Out patient department (OPD) in the Department of Prosthodontics JSSDCH, among which 60 patients were diabetic based on the random blood sugar level more than 160 mg/dl—30 patients were wearing RPD and 30 were without RPD. And 60 non-diabetic patients were selected among which 30 were wearing RPD and 30 without RPD. A total 120 patients were screened. Dental caries prevalence was assessed using Decayed, Missing, Filled (DMFT) index. Results: Diabetic group unrehabilitated with removable partial prosthesis showed significant difference in the number of missing teeth when compared to non-diabetic patients without removable prosthesis (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Removable partial denture prosthesis had less impact on prevalence of dental caries with good oral hygiene, following post insertion RPD instructions and regular dental visits irrespective of diabetes.

Purpose: This study aims to assess the factors that determine the aspiration for “Hollywood smile” among the residents in five Gulf countries. Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted among subjects aged 18–60 years. A self-designed 19 items questionnaire was prepared which consisted of multiple choices and open-ended questions. The first part of the survey included demographic questions. The second part included questions related to Hollywood smile. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and the association between different variables was assessed by Chi-square test where P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 2061 subjects participated in the survey. The majority of participants were females (76.81%), 97.28% of them were aware of the term “Hollywood smile,” and social media was the source of information. Statistically significant difference was noted among participants who underwent treatment according to residency place, age, educational level, and socioeconomic status (SES) and participants who were willing to undergo treatment in future according to gender, age, and SES. Conclusion: Subjects of younger age, higher education level, and higher SES underwent treatment. However, 23.83% of people were willing to undergo treatment. This reflects the increasing demand for esthetic treatment in future.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare microleakage of two novel bulk-fill resin composites with traditional incremental composites. Materials and Methods: Standardized conservative Class II cavities were made on 120 sound maxillary premolars having approximately 4 mm of width with 2 mm gingival extension below CEJ keeping all line angles round and cavosurface margins beveled. Samples were categorized into the group of three (n = 40), based on composites used; Smart Dentine Replacement (SDR), X Tra Fill, and Z350 XT. The prepared cavities were filled with respective composites to a depth of 4 mm. Post thermocycling, Specimens were absorbed in 0.5% methylene blue for 8 h and soaked in tap water for 12 h samples were later split in mesiodistal direction at the center of the composite restorations with diamond disc. A total of 240 samples were obtained. The samples were viewed with ×20. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test were used to derive statistical data. Results: SDR demonstrated considerably less micro leakage in comparison with X-Tra fill composites. Significantly high microleakage was observed in the traditional composites (Z350 XT). Conclusion: Novel Bulk-fill resin composites exhibited better adaptability and less microleakage compared to traditional multilayer composites.

Introduction: The fears, anxiety, and worries created among general population by COVID-19 are severe. The procedures which generate aerosols transmit most of COVID-19 transmission and we know one such procedure is dental treatment. After the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a change in health-care services; hence, this droplet transmission in dentistry became an issue which needs to be addressed. Methodology: A descriptive, online questionnaire survey was conducted among adults above 20 years. The questionnaire consisted of demographic details and questions related to anxiety and fear of considering dental treatment during this pandemic situation. Results: 680 people responded for the study, among which 32% had COVID symptoms. 27% of them said that they are afraid of dental treatment during the pandemic whereas 47% said that they will accept if there is an emergency. The main reason for this fear was droplet infection in dental clinics. Conclusion: The fear of dental treatment during pandemic is moderate. This may be due to the self-care, positive behavior toward oral care by the people, and fear of cross-contamination due to airborne infections though the personal protective measures were followed.

Aim: The present study was undertaken to assess the knowledge and practice of ergonomics among dental practitioners in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among dental practitioners through Google Forms. Link of the questionnaire was sent through social media and e-mail. The questionnaire was focused on the awareness of ergonomics and practice of ergonomics during dental practice. Results: About 97.9% of participants are aware of different operating positions. About 71.7% of participants rate their operating procedure chair positions as good. 52.5% admit they feel numb fingers while working. Many questions were statistically significant according to educational qualification and type of practice (P < 0.050. Conclusion: Majority of the study population were aware of proper chair positions, correct operating procedures and were practicing four-handed dentistry, maintained proper back support while working, and even performed stretching exercises during clinical working hours.

Background: There is a need to monitor the fluoride content of dentifrices used for children in a country like India, where there is prevalence of endemic fluorosis. Aim: To evaluate the fluoride content of dentifrices for children available in India. Settings and Design: In vitro study in a laboratory setting. Methods: About 27 major supermarkets/departmental stores in Chennai city were approached by the investigator. All dentifrices indicated for children, available in these stores were included in the present study. A total of four different dentifrice brands were procured from these outlets. For each brand of dentifrice, three samples were randomly chosen and used for fluoride analysis. The fluoride content was assessed in triplet by using spectrophotometric analysis, by a single blinded examiner. The test sample was compared to a standard solution, in a calibration curve to determine the fluoride concentration. Results: The mean fluoride content of dentifrices, indicated for children was 449.5 ± 26.1 ppm. Conclusions: All brands of commercially available dentifrices indicated for children had optimum amount of fluoride.

Background: As dental lasers are becoming more popular in the branch of oral medicine for its various advantages and applications, this study was carried out to evaluate better mode of obtaining oral biopsies which is a common and inevitable procedure for providing final diagnosis in majority of conditions. Methodology: In this study, a total of 60 patients who required biopsy for final diagnosis of oral mucosal lesions as part of diagnosis in department of Oral Medicine were selected, out of which 30 were subjected to scalpel biopsies and 30 patients were subjected to diode laser biopsies. A 980 nm Zolar plus diode laser was used for the study. Out of 30 patients who were subjected to laser biopsies, 3W continuous mode settings were used for 15 patients and 3W pulsed mode was used for 15 patients. The specimens were sent to Department of Oral Pathology for histopathological evaluation to provide the final diagnosis. The time taken for each patient, volume of local anesthesia, during operative, postoperative pain scale, and co-relation of provisional and final diagnosis was noted for comparison purpose and the pathologist comments, peripheral tissue damage and artifact's for each slide were noted. Results: The study results showed the postoperative pain was comparatively less in diodlaser than scalpel, the lasers were patient friendly as the heammorage was negligible when compared to scalpel and suturing was not required. The pulsed mode in diode laser was advantageous over continuous mode when amount of thermal damage and postoperative pain score was compared. Conclusion: The results showed that oral biopsies can be made better using diode lasers, by having thorough knowledge on the device.

Aim: The present study aimed to estimate the serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels in periodontally healthy individuals and chronic periodontitis patients with Type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Materials and Methods: Forty-five male subjects aged 25–60 years were enrolled in the study and grouped as Group I (healthy), Group II (chronic periodontitis), and Group III (chronic periodontitis with Type II DM). Clinical parameters (dental plaque scores, bleeding scores, probing pocket depth, and loss of attachment) and glycemic parameters (random blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin levels) were recorded. Serum procalcitonin levels were analyzed using Raybio^® Human Procalcitonin Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit using the sandwich technique. All the data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using SYSTAT 12 statistical software. Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to compare the mean scores between the three study groups, and Spearman's ρ correlation coefficient was used to find out the association. Results: Serum procalcitonin levels were markedly increased in periodontitis group when compared to the healthy group. The mean serum levels of procalcitonin in Group I, Group II, and Group III were 22.52 pg/ml, 64.23 pg/ml, and 185.86 pg/ml, respectively. The variation in the procalcitonin levels was statistically significant at P < 0.001. Conclusion: The expression of procalcitonin in serum was increased to eightfold in the periodontitis group with diabetes in comparison to the healthy group, which shows that periodontal disease can cause the release of procalcitonin.

Objectives: Evaluation of efficacy of bioactive glass (BAG), tricalcium phosphate, and ozone remineralizing agents on artificial carious lesion. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted 48 human premolar teeth were included for this in vitro study. Remineralization of demineralized teeth was done with respective remineralizing agents (Group A – calcium sodium phosphosilicate [BAG], Group B – tricalcium phosphate [Clinpro Tooth Crème], Group C – ozone remineralizing agents, and control group: Group D – deionized water) three times a day for 12 days for 4 min. The degree of demineralization and remineralization was evaluated with Vickers hardness number. Results: There was a decrease in microhardness from baseline to demineralization in all the groups. The difference in microhardness values from demineralization to remineralization in all the three test groups was found to be statistically highly significant. Conclusion: BAG and Tricalcium phosphate had higher remineralizing capacity, which can be used clinically to treat early carious lesions.

Objectives: The objectives of this study is to evaluate apical sealing ability of GuttaFlow Bioseal, Super-Bond RC Sealer, and Adseal root canal sealer. Material and Methods: 36 extracted human single rooted permanent teeth, divided into three groups (n = 12) and obturated by lateral condensation technique. Obturation and root canal sealing was done by either Group I: using GuttaFlow Bioseal, Group II: using Super-Bond RC Sealer and Group III: using Adseal sealer, system. Microleakage was assessed by means of dye penetration method. Results: The dye penetration in Group II was more than in Groups I and III in both vertical and horizontal directions, suggesting that GuttaFlow Bioseal and Adseal sealer are effective in reducing the apical leakage compared to Super-Bond RC Sealer. Conclusion: Bioceramic GuttaFlow Bioseal root canal sealers seal are better root canal sealer but they cannot totally eliminate apical leakage.

Objectives: The objective is to evaluate the efficacy of LuxaCore, Photo Core, and Core Max II on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with ParaPosts and fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts. Materials and Methods: Ninety extracted mandibular first premolar teeth were randomly grouped into nine different groups with ten samples in each. I-FRC posts, II-FRC with Photo Core, III-FRC with LuxaCore, IV-FRC with composite core, V-FRC with Core Max II, VI-para Post (PP), VII-PP with Luxa core, VIII-PP with photo Core, IX-PP with Core Max II were compared for fracture resistance. Results: The mean fracture resistance (Newton) in group I was 452± 61.5, in group II was 412.6± 42.4 (higher from group I to group V), and lower in group VI to group IX (288 to 246.5).The mean fracture resistance of group II to V was 380.1±72.1 and group VI to IX was 62.8±70.6. The difference was statistically significant (0.001). Conclusion: FRC posts exhibited higher fracture resistance as compared to ParaPosts, and fracture resistance was not dependent on the type of material used.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare ZrO₂, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and ZrO₂-PEEK telescopic attachments in terms of retention of overdenture. Methodology: Forty-five acrylic resin models of the lower arch were divided into 3 groups of 15 each. In Group I, primary and secondary crowns were constructed from all zirconia (ZrO₂), whereas all PEEK was used for Group II and Group III was made up of ZrO₂ PEEK. Results: The mean retention value in Group I was 14.12 ± 3.4 N, in Group II was 15.86 ± 5.1, and in Group III was 22.40 ± 10.3 N. The mean final initial retention value in Group I was 14.50 ± 6.1 N, in Group II was 14.97 ± 8.2, and in Group III was 17.21 ± 9.3 N. A significant difference was observed in intergroup comparison (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Zirconia resulted in maximum retention as compared to other telescopic crown materials.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the association of orthodontic tooth movement with the concentration of leptin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Materials and Methods: In thirty orthodontic patients, the concentration of leptin was assessed at baseline, 1 h, 24 h, 7 days, and 1 month after application of orthodontic force. Distalized tooth movement was evaluated by measuring the difference on dental casts at baseline and 1 month after force application. Results: Average concentration of leptin in GCF raises from baseline (T0) to 1 h after application of force (T1). There was a significant association of the overall average concentration of leptin with the degree of tooth movement (correlation coefficient = 0.625). Conclusion: There was a biphasic change in GCF leptin concentration and significant association between rates of tooth movement with GCF leptin concentration.

Objective: The objective of the study is to compare two different implant designs having different neck configuration and neck interfaces. Materials and Methods: Fifty subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups, each containing 25 subjects. In Group I, conical connection (CC) (Nobel Biocare) with back-tapered collar dental implant and in Group II, external-hexagon (EH) (Nobel Biocare) with flat-to-flat implant-abutment interface dental implant was used. Radiographic marginal bone crest level and marginal bone loss (MBL) were compared. Results: A significant less MBL was seen in Group I compared to Group II recorded at different intervals of time (P < 0.05). Conclusion: CC implants with back-tapered collar exhibited less MBL as compared to EH implants with flat-to-flat implant-abutment interface.

Objectives: The objective of the study is to compare the fracture resistance of endodontic treated tooth restored with GIC, amalgam, and composite cements. Materials and Methods: Forty teeth were divided into 4 groups of 10 teeth each. Group I teeth were restored with silver amalgam. Group II teeth were restored with GIC. Group III teeth were restored with composite and Group IV teeth were control in which no alteration was performed. Testing machine applied force on teeth to detect fracture resistance. Results: The mean fracture resistance was maximum in Group IV (1050.2 N) followed by Group III (956.2 N), Group I (836.4 N), and Group II (766.4 N). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mean difference of fracture resistance was significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Composite resin possesses highest fractures resistance as compared to GIC and silver amalgam.

Objectives: The objective of the study is to compare xenograft graft material and synthetic bioactive glass allograft in immediate dental implant patients. Materials and Methods: Forty patients were grouped as Group A patients (xenograft graft material, BioOss) and Group B (synthetic allograft material, Perio Glas) and immediate implant placement was done. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, and bone resorption were compared at different intervals. Results: A nonsignificant difference was observed in all parameters at different interval of time (P > 0.05) recorded at mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual side. Conclusion: Xenograft (Bio Oss) and synthetic allograft (PerioGlas) found to be effective graft materials treatment choice.

Aim: To assess and compare the treatment outcome of direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine, after complete excavation of caries in permanent dentition with a 2-visit treatment protocol. Materials and Methods: Direct pulp capping with white MTA was performed in 70 teeth. Direct pulp capping with Biodentine was also done in 72 teeth. In the subsequent visits after 2 weeks, pulp sensibility tests were attempted in both studied groups. All clinical outcomes were categorized as success or failure. Results: The success rate of the pulp capping procedure in the MTA group at the end of 12 months study was 94.3% in the Class I subgroup and 93.3% in the Class II subgroup. Conclusion: Direct pulp capping with MTA and Biodentine, after pulp exposure during excavation of deep caries could maintain pulp vitality in permanent teeth.